Seed Words for ahl al-kitāb
WIKIPEDIA SUSTAINED PEOPLE LIKE PLEASE DONATE TODAY ISLAM FROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA JUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH OTHER MEANINGS INCLUDING PEOPLE NAMED ISLAM' ISLAM DISAMBIGUATION MUSLIMS PERFORMING SALAH PRAYER ISLAM ARABIC AL-'ISL HELP·INFO PRONOUNCED NOTE MONOTHEISTIC ABRAHAMIC RELIGION ORIGINATING WITH TEACHINGS ISLAMIC PROPHET MUHAMMAD CENTURY ARAB RELIGIOUS POLITICAL FIGURE WORD ISLAM MEANS SUBMISSION TOTAL SURRENDER ONESELF ARABIC ADHERENT ISLAM KNOWN MUSLIM MEANING SUBMITS WORD MUSLIM PARTICIPLE SAME VERB WHICH INFINITIVE THERE BETWEEN BILLION BILLION MUSLIMS MAKING ISLAM SECOND-LARGEST RELIGION WORLD AFTER CHRISTIANITY MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT REVEALED QUR'AN MUHAMMAD GOD'S FINAL PROPHET THROUGH ANGEL GABRIEL REGARD QUR'AN SUNNAH WORDS DEEDS MUHAMMAD FUNDAMENTAL SOURCES ISLAM THEY REGARD MUHAMMAD FOUNDER RELIGION RESTORER ORIGINAL MONOTHEISTIC FAITH ABRAHAM MOSES JESUS OTHER PROPHETS ISLAMIC TRADITION HOLDS THAT JEWS CHRISTIANS DISTORTED REVELATIONS GAVE THESE PROPHETS EITHER ALTERING TEXT INTRODUCING FALSE INTERPRETATION BOTH ISLAM INCLUDES MANY RELIGIOUS PRACTICES ADHERENTS GENERALLY REQUIRED OBSERVE FIVE PILLARS ISLAM WHICH FIVE DUTIES THAT UNITE MUSLIMS INTO COMMUNITY ADDITION FIVE PILLARS ISLAMIC SHARIA DEVELOPED TRADITION RULINGS THAT TOUCH VIRTUALLY ASPECTS LIFE SOCIETY THIS TRADITION ENCOMPASSES EVERYTHING FROM PRACTICAL MATTERS LIKE DIETARY LAWS BANKING WARFARE WELFARE PART SERIES ISLAM BELIEFS ALLAH ONENESS MUHAMMAD OTHER PROPHETS PRACTICES PROFESSION FAITH PRAYER FASTING CHARITY PILGRIMAGE TEXTS LAWS QUR'AN SUNNAH HADITH FIQH SHARIA KALAM SUFISM HISTORY LEADERSHIP TIMELINE MUSLIM HISTORY AL-BAYT SAHABA SUNNI SHI'A RASHIDUN CALIPHS SHI'A IMAMS CULTURE SOCIETY ACADEMICS ANIMALS CALENDAR CHILDREN DEMOGRAPHICS FESTIVALS MOSQUES PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE WOMEN POLITICS DAWAH ISLAM OTHER RELIGIONS CHRISTIANITY JUDAISM HINDUISM SIKHISM JAINISM ALSO CRITICISM ISLAMOPHOBIA GLOSSARY ISLAMIC TERMS ISLAM PORTAL ALMOST MUSLIMS BELONG MAJOR DENOMINATIONS SUNNI SHI'A SCHISM DEVELOPED LATE CENTURY FOLLOWING DISAGREEMENTS OVER RELIGIOUS POLITICAL LEADERSHIP MUSLIM COMMUNITY ISLAM PREDOMINANT RELIGION AFRICA MIDDLE EAST WELL MAJOR PARTS ASIA LARGE COMMUNITIES ALSO FOUND CHINA BALKAN PENINSULA EASTERN EUROPE RUSSIA THERE ALSO LARGE MUSLIM IMMIGRANT COMMUNITIES OTHER PARTS WORLD SUCH WESTERN EUROPE ABOUT MUSLIMS LIVE ARAB COUNTRIES INDIAN SUBCONTINENT INDONESIA LARGEST MUSLIM COUNTRY POPULATION CONTENTS HIDE ETYMOLOGY MEANING ARTICLES FAITH QUR'AN ANGELS MUHAMMAD RESURRECTION JUDGMENT PREDESTINATION DUTIES PRACTICES FIVE PILLARS RELIGION STATE ETIQUETTE DIET JIHAD HISTORY RISE CALIPHATE ISLAMIC CIVIL GOLDEN CRUSADES RECONQUISTA MONGOL INVASION TURKISH IRANIAN INDIAN EMPIRES MODERN TIMES –PRESENT COMMUNITY DEMOGRAPHICS MOSQUES FAMILY LIFE CALENDAR OTHER RELIGIONS DENOMINATIONS SUNNI SHI'A SUFISM OTHERS ALSO REFERENCES NOTES BOOKS JOURNALS ENCYCLOPEDIAS FURTHER READING EXTERNAL LINKS ETYMOLOGY MEANING MAIN ARTICLE S-L-M WORD ISLAM VERBAL NOUN ORIGINATING FROM TRILITERAL ROOT S-L-M DERIVED FROM ARABIC VERB ASLAMA WHICH MEANS ACCEPT SURRENDER SUBMIT THUS ISLAM MEANS ACCEPTANCE SUBMISSION BELIEVERS MUST DEMONSTRATE THIS WORSHIPPING FOLLOWING COMMANDS AVOIDING POLYTHEISM WORD GIVEN NUMBER MEANINGS QUR'AN SOME VERSES AYAT QUALITY ISLAM INTERNAL CONVICTION STRESSED WHOMSOEVER DESIRES GUIDE EXPANDS BREAST ISLAM OTHER VERSES CONNECT USUALLY TRANSLATED RELIGION TODAY HAVE PERFECTED YOUR RELIGION HAVE COMPLETED BLESSING UPON HAVE APPROVED ISLAM YOUR RELIGION STILL OTHERS DESCRIBE ISLAM ACTION RETURNING GOD—MORE THAN JUST VERBAL AFFIRMATION FAITH ANOTHER TECHNICAL MEANING ISLAMIC THOUGHT PART TRIAD ISLAM FAITH EXCELLENCE WHERE REPRESENTS ACTS WORSHIP ISLAMIC SHARIA ARTICLES FAITH MAIN ARTICLES AQIDAH IMAN QUR'AN STATES THAT MUSLIMS MUST BELIEVE REVELATIONS ANGELS MESSENGERS JUDGMENT ALSO THERE OTHER BELIEFS THAT DIFFER BETWEEN PARTICULAR SECTS SUNNI CONCEPT PREDESTINATION CALLED DIVINE DECREE WHILE SHI'A VERSION CALLED DIVINE JUSTICE UNIQUE SHI'A DOCTRINE IMAMAH POLITICAL SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP IMAMS MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT REVEALED FINAL MESSAGE HUMANITY THROUGH ISLAMIC PROPHET MUHAMMAD ARCHANGEL GABRIEL JIBR THEM MUHAMMAD GOD'S FINAL PROPHET QUR'AN REVELATIONS RECEIVED OVER MORE THAN DECADES ISLAM PROPHETS SELECTED MESSENGERS MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT PROPHETS HUMAN DIVINE THOUGH SOME ABLE PERFORM MIRACLES PROVE THEIR CLAIM ISLAMIC PROPHETS CONSIDERED CLOSEST PERFECTION HUMANS UNIQUELY RECIPIENTS DIVINE REVELATION—EITHER DIRECTLY FROM THROUGH ANGELS QUR'AN MENTIONS NAMES NUMEROUS FIGURES CONSIDERED PROPHETS ISLAM INCLUDING ADAM NOAH ABRAHAM MOSES JESUS AMONG OTHERS ISLAMIC THEOLOGY SAYS THAT GOD'S MESSENGERS SINCE ADAM PREACHED MESSAGE ISLAM—SUBMISSION WILL ISLAM DESCRIBED QUR'AN PRIMORDIAL NATURE UPON WHICH CREATED MANKIND QUR'AN STATES THAT PROPER NAME MUSLIM GIVEN ABRAHAM HISTORICAL PHENOMENON ISLAM ORIGINATED ARABIA EARLY CENTURY ISLAMIC TEXTS DEPICT JUDAISM CHRISTIANITY PROPHETIC SUCCESSOR TRADITIONS TEACHINGS ABRAHAM QUR'AN CALLS JEWS CHRISTIANS PEOPLE BOOK AL-KIT DISTINGUISHES THEM FROM POLYTHEISTS MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT PARTS PREVIOUSLY REVEALED SCRIPTURES TAWRAT TORAH INJIL GOSPELS BECOME DISTORTED—EITHER INTERPRETATION TEXT BOTH MAIN ARTICLE ISLAM ALSO ONENESS ISLAM ALLAH ISLAM'S FUNDAMENTAL THEOLOGICAL CONCEPT TAWH D—THE BELIEF THAT THERE ONLY ARABIC TERM MOST SCHOLARS BELIEVE DERIVED FROM CONTRACTION WORDS DEITY MASCULINE FORM MEANING AL-IL OTHERS TRACE ORIGIN ARAMAIC FIRST FIVE PILLARS ISLAM TAWH EXPRESSED SHAHADAH TESTIFICATION WHICH DECLARES THAT THERE THAT MUHAMMAD GOD'S MESSENGER TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC THEOLOGY BEYOND COMPREHENSION MUSLIMS EXPECTED VISUALIZE WORSHIP ADORE PROTECTOR ALTHOUGH MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT JESUS PROPHET THEY REJECT CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE TRINITY COMPARING POLYTHEISM ISLAMIC THEOLOGY JESUS JUST DESCRIBED CHAPTER SURA QUR'AN …GOD ONLY ETERNAL ABSOLUTE BEGETTETH BEGOTTEN THERE NONE LIKE UNTO QUR'AN MAIN ARTICLES ISLAMIC HOLY BOOKS QUR'AN ALSO ORIGIN DEVELOPMENT QUR'AN FIRST SURA QUR'ANIC MANUSCRIPT HATTAT AZIZ EFENDIMUSLIMS CONSIDER QUR'AN LITERAL WORD CENTRAL RELIGIOUS TEXT ISLAM MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT VERSES QUR'AN WERE REVEALED MUHAMMAD THROUGH ANGEL GABRIEL MANY OCCASIONS BETWEEN DEATH JUNE QUR'AN REPORTEDLY WRITTEN DOWN MUHAMMAD'S COMPANIONS SAHABAH WHILE ALIVE ALTHOUGH PRIME METHOD TRANSMISSION ORALLY COMPILED TIME BAKR FIRST CALIPH STANDARDIZED UNDER ADMINISTRATION UTHMAN THIRD CALIPH FROM TEXTUAL EVIDENCE ISLAMIC STUDIES SCHOLARS FIND THAT QUR'AN TODAY CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY OVER YEARS QUR'AN DIVIDED INTO SURAS CHAPTERS WHICH COMBINED CONTAIN VERSES CHRONOLOGICALLY EARLIER SURAS REVEALED MECCA PRIMARILY CONCERNED WITH ETHICAL SPIRITUAL TOPICS LATER MEDINAN SURAS MOSTLY DISCUSS SOCIAL MORAL ISSUES RELEVANT MUSLIM COMMUNITY QUR'AN MORE CONCERNED WITH MORAL GUIDANCE THAN LEGAL INSTRUCTION CONSIDERED SOURCEBOOK ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES VALUES MUSLIM JURISTS CONSULT HADITH WRITTEN RECORD MUHAMMAD'S LIFE BOTH SUPPLEMENT QUR'AN ASSIST WITH INTERPRETATION SCIENCE QUR'ANIC COMMENTARY EXEGESIS KNOWN TAFSIR WORD QUR'AN MEANS RECITATION WHEN MUSLIMS SPEAK ABSTRACT ABOUT QUR'AN THEY USUALLY MEAN SCRIPTURE RECITED ARABIC RATHER THAN PRINTED WORK TRANSLATION MUSLIMS QUR'AN PERFECT ONLY REVEALED ORIGINAL ARABIC TRANSLATIONS NECESSARILY DEFICIENT BECAUSE LANGUAGE DIFFERENCES FALLIBILITY TRANSLATORS IMPOSSIBILITY PRESERVING ORIGINAL'S INSPIRED STYLE TRANSLATIONS THEREFORE REGARDED ONLY COMMENTARIES QUR'AN INTERPRETATIONS MEANING QUR'AN ITSELF ANGELS MAIN ARTICLE ANGELS ISLAM BELIEF ANGELS CRUCIAL FAITH ISLAM ARABIC WORD ANGEL MALAK MEANS MESSENGER LIKE COUNTERPARTS HEBREW MALAKH GREEK ANGELOS ACCORDING QUR'AN ANGELS POSSESS FREE WILL WORSHIP PERFECT OBEDIENCE ANGELS' DUTIES INCLUDE COMMUNICATING REVELATIONS FROM GLORIFYING RECORDING EVERY PERSON'S ACTIONS TAKING PERSON'S SOUL TIME DEATH THEY ALSO THOUGHT INTERCEDE MAN'S BEHALF QUR'AN DESCRIBES ANGELS MESSENGERS WITH WINGS—TWO THREE FOUR PAIRS ADDS CREATION PLEASES… MUHAMMAD MAIN ARTICLE MUHAMMAD MUHAMMAD JUNE ARAB RELIGIOUS POLITICAL MILITARY LEADER FOUNDED RELIGION ISLAM HISTORICAL PHENOMENON MUSLIMS VIEW CREATOR RELIGION RESTORER ORIGINAL UNCORRUPTED MONOTHEISTIC FAITH ADAM ABRAHAM OTHERS MUSLIM TRADITION MUHAMMAD VIEWED LAST GREATEST SERIES PROPHETS—AS CLOSEST PERFECTION POSSESSOR VIRTUES LAST YEARS LIFE BEGINNING MUHAMMAD REPORTED RECEIVING REVELATIONS FROM CONTENT THESE REVELATIONS KNOWN QUR'AN MEMORIZED RECORDED COMPANIONS MASJID AL-NABAWI MOSQUE PROPHET MEDINA SITE MUHAMMAD'S TOMB DURING THIS TIME MUHAMMAD PREACHED PEOPLE MECCA IMPLORING THEM ABANDON POLYTHEISM ALTHOUGH SOME CONVERTED ISLAM MUHAMMAD FOLLOWERS WERE PERSECUTED LEADING MECCAN AUTHORITIES AFTER YEARS PREACHING MUHAMMAD MUSLIMS PERFORMED HIJRA EMIGRATION CITY MEDINA FORMERLY KNOWN YATHRIB THERE WITH MEDINAN CONVERTS ANSAR MECCAN MIGRANTS MUHAJIRUN MUHAMMAD ESTABLISHED POLITICAL RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY WITHIN YEARS BATTLES BEEN FOUGHT AGAINST MECCAN FORCES BATTLE BADR WHICH MUSLIM VICTORY BATTLE UHUD WHICH ENDED INCONCLUSIVELY CONFLICT WITH MEDINAN JEWISH CLANS OPPOSED MUSLIMS THEIR EXILE ENSLAVEMENT DEATH JEWISH ENCLAVE KHAYBAR SUBDUED SAME TIME MECCAN TRADE ROUTES WERE MUHAMMAD BROUGHT SURROUNDING DESERT TRIBES UNDER CONTROL MUHAMMAD VICTORIOUS NEARLY BLOODLESS CONQUEST MECCA TIME DEATH RULED OVER ARABIAN PENINSULA ISLAM NORMATIVE EXAMPLE MUHAMMAD'S LIFE CALLED SUNNAH LITERALLY TRODDEN PATH THIS EXAMPLE PRESERVED TRADITIONS KNOWN HADITH REPORTS WHICH RECOUNT WORDS ACTIONS PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS CLASSICAL MUSLIM JURIST ASH-SHAFI'I EMPHASIZED IMPORTANCE SUNNAH ISLAMIC MUSLIMS ENCOURAGED EMULATE MUHAMMAD'S ACTIONS THEIR DAILY LIVES SUNNAH SEEN CRUCIAL GUIDING INTERPRETATION QUR'AN RESURRECTION JUDGMENT MAIN ARTICLE QIYAMA BELIEF RESURRECTION YAWM AL-QIY ALSO KNOWN YAWM AD-D JUDGMENT AS-S LAST HOUR ALSO CRUCIAL MUSLIMS THEY BELIEVE THAT TIME PREORDAINED UNKNOWN TRIALS TRIBULATIONS PRECEDING DURING DESCRIBED QUR'AN HADITH ALSO COMMENTARIES ISLAMIC SCHOLARS QUR'AN EMPHASIZES BODILY RESURRECTION BREAK FROM PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIAN UNDERSTANDING DEATH STATES THAT RESURRECTION WILL FOLLOWED GATHERING MANKIND CULMINATING THEIR JUDGMENT QUR'AN LISTS SEVERAL SINS THAT CONDEMN PERSON HELL SUCH DISBELIEF USURY DISHONESTY MUSLIMS VIEW PARADISE JANNAH PLACE BLISS WITH QUR'ANIC REFERENCES DESCRIBING FEATURES PHYSICAL PLEASURES COME THERE ALSO REFERENCES GREATER JOY—ACCEPTANCE RIDW MYSTICAL TRADITIONS ISLAM PLACE THESE HEAVENLY DELIGHTS CONTEXT ECSTATIC AWARENESS PREDESTINATION MAIN ARTICLES PREDESTINATION ISLAM ADALAH ACCORDANCE WITH ISLAMIC BELIEF PREDESTINATION DIVINE PREORDAINMENT AL-QAD WA'L-QADAR FULL KNOWLEDGE CONTROL OVER THAT OCCURS THIS EXPLAINED QUR'ANIC VERSES SUCH 'NOTHING WILL HAPPEN EXCEPT WHAT ALLAH DECREED PROTECTOR'… MUSLIMS EVERYTHING WORLD THAT OCCURS GOOD EVIL BEEN PREORDAINED NOTHING HAPPEN UNLESS PERMITTED ISLAMIC THEOLOGY DIVINE PREORDAINMENT DOES SUGGEST ABSENCE GOD'S INDIGNATION AGAINST EVIL BECAUSE EVILS THAT OCCUR THOUGHT RESULT FUTURE BENEFITS ABLE ACCORDING MUSLIM THEOLOGIANS ALTHOUGH EVENTS PRE-ORDAINED POSSESSES FREE WILL THAT FACULTY CHOOSE BETWEEN RIGHT WRONG THUS RESPONSIBLE ACTIONS ACCORDING ISLAMIC TRADITION THAT BEEN DECREED WRITTEN AL-LAWH AL-MAHF PRESERVED TABLET SHI'A UNDERSTANDING PREDESTINATION CALLED DIVINE JUSTICE ADALAH THIS DOCTRINE ORIGINALLY DEVELOPED MU'TAZILA STRESSES IMPORTANCE MAN'S RESPONSIBILITY ACTIONS CONTRAST SUNNI DEEMPHASIZE ROLE INDIVIDUAL FREE WILL CONTEXT GOD'S CREATION FOREKNOWLEDGE THINGS DUTIES PRACTICES FIVE PILLARS MAIN ARTICLE FIVE PILLARS ISLAM ISLAM'S BASIC CREED SHAHADAH WRITTEN PLAQUE GREAT MOSQUE XI'AN CHINA RITUALS HAJJ PILGRIMAGE INCLUDE WALKING SEVEN TIMES AROUND KAABA MECCA FIVE PILLARS ISLAM ARABIC FIVE PRACTICES ESSENTIAL SUNNI ISLAM SHI'A MUSLIMS SUBSCRIBE EIGHT RITUAL PRACTICES WHICH SUBSTANTIALLY OVERLAP WITH FIVE PILLARS THEY SHAHADAH WHICH BASIC CREED TENET ISLAM 'AšHADU 'AL-L 'AšHADU 'ANNA AMMADAN LU-LL TESTIFY THAT THERE NONE WORTHY WORSHIP EXCEPT TESTIFY THAT MUHAMMAD MESSENGER THIS TESTAMENT FOUNDATION OTHER BELIEFS PRACTICES ISLAM ALTHOUGH TECHNICALLY SHI'A CONSIDER SHAHADAH SEPARATE PILLAR JUST BELIEF MUSLIMS MUST REPEAT SHAHADAH PRAYER NON-MUSLIMS WISHING CONVERT ISLAM REQUIRED RECITE CREED SALAH RITUAL PRAYER WHICH MUST PERFORMED FIVE TIMES HOWEVER SHI'A PERMITTED TOGETHER NOON WITH AFTERNOON PRAYERS EVENING WITH NIGHT PRAYERS EACH SALAH DONE FACING TOWARDS KAABA MECCA SALAH INTENDED FOCUS MIND SEEN PERSONAL COMMUNICATION WITH THAT EXPRESSES GRATITUDE WORSHIP SALAH COMPULSORY FLEXIBILITY SPECIFICS ALLOWED DEPENDING CIRCUMSTANCES MANY MUSLIM COUNTRIES REMINDERS CALLED ADHAN CALL PRAYER BROADCAST PUBLICLY FROM LOCAL MOSQUES APPROPRIATE TIMES PRAYERS RECITED ARABIC LANGUAGE CONSIST VERSES FROM QUR'AN ZAKAT ALMS-GIVING THIS PRACTICE GIVING BASED ACCUMULATED WEALTH OBLIGATORY MUSLIMS AFFORD FIXED PORTION SPENT HELP POOR NEEDY ALSO ASSIST SPREAD ISLAM ZAKAT CONSIDERED RELIGIOUS OBLIGATION OPPOSED VOLUNTARY CHARITY THAT WELL-OFF NEEDY BECAUSE THEIR WEALTH SEEN TRUST FROM GOD'S BOUNTY QUR'AN HADITH ALSO SUGGEST MUSLIM GIVE EVEN MORE VOLUNTARY ALMS-GIVING SADAQAH MANY SHI'ITES EXPECTED ADDITIONAL AMOUNT FORM KHUMS WHICH THEY CONSIDER SEPARATE RITUAL PRACTICE SAWM FASTING DURING MONTH RAMADAN MUSLIMS MUST DRINK AMONG OTHER THINGS FROM DAWN DUSK DURING THIS MONTH MUST MINDFUL OTHER SINS FAST ENCOURAGE FEELING NEARNESS DURING MUSLIMS SHOULD EXPRESS THEIR GRATITUDE DEPENDENCE ATONE THEIR PAST SINS THINK NEEDY SAWM OBLIGATORY SEVERAL GROUPS WHOM WOULD CONSTITUTE UNDUE BURDEN OTHERS FLEXIBILITY ALLOWED DEPENDING CIRCUMSTANCES MISSED FASTS USUALLY MUST MADE QUICKLY HAJJ WHICH PILGRIMAGE DURING ISLAMIC MONTH AL-HIJJAH CITY MECCA EVERY ABLE-BODIED MUSLIM AFFORD MUST MAKE PILGRIMAGE MECCA LEAST ONCE LIFETIME WHEN PILGRIM ABOUT KILOMETERS FROM MECCA MUST DRESS IHRAM CLOTHING WHICH CONSISTS WHITE SEAMLESS SHEETS RITUALS HAJJ INCLUDE WALKING SEVEN TIMES AROUND KAABA TOUCHING BLACK STONE RUNNING SEVEN TIMES BETWEEN MOUNT SAFA MOUNT MARWAH SYMBOLICALLY STONING DEVIL MINA PILGRIM HAJJI HONORED COMMUNITY ALTHOUGH ISLAMIC TEACHERS THAT HAJJ SHOULD EXPRESSION DEVOTION INSTEAD MEANS GAIN SOCIAL STANDING ADDITION KHUMS SHI'A MUSLIMS CONSIDER THREE ADDITIONAL PRACTICES ESSENTIAL RELIGION ISLAM FIRST JIHAD WHICH ALSO IMPORTANT SUNNI CONSIDERED PILLAR SECOND AMR-BIL-MA'R ENJOINING GOOD WHICH CALLS EVERY MUSLIM LIVE VIRTUOUS LIFE ENCOURAGE OTHERS SAME THIRD NAHI-ANIL-MUNKAR EXHORTATION DESIST FROM EVIL WHICH TELLS MUSLIMS REFRAIN FROM VICE FROM EVIL ACTIONS ALSO ENCOURAGE OTHERS SAME MAIN ARTICLES SHARIA FIQH SHARIA LITERALLY PATH LEADING WATERING PLACE ISLAMIC FORMED TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC SCHOLARSHIP ISLAM SHARIA EXPRESSION DIVINE WILL CONSTITUTES SYSTEM DUTIES THAT INCUMBENT UPON MUSLIM VIRTUE RELIGIOUS BELIEF ISLAMIC COVERS ASPECTS LIFE FROM MATTERS STATE LIKE GOVERNANCE FOREIGN RELATIONS ISSUES DAILY LIVING QUR'AN DEFINES HUDUD PUNISHMENTS FIVE SPECIFIC CRIMES UNLAWFUL INTERCOURSE FALSE ACCUSATION UNLAWFUL INTERCOURSE CONSUMPTION ALCOHOL THEFT HIGHWAY ROBBERY QUR'AN SUNNAH ALSO CONTAIN LAWS INHERITANCE MARRIAGE RESTITUTION INJURIES MURDER WELL RULES FASTING CHARITY PRAYER HOWEVER THESE PRESCRIPTIONS PROHIBITIONS BROAD THEIR APPLICATION PRACTICE VARIES ISLAMIC SCHOLARS KNOWN ULEMA HAVE ELABORATED SYSTEMS BASIS THESE RULES THEIR INTERPRETATIONS FIQH JURISPRUDENCE DEFINED KNOWLEDGE PRACTICAL RULES RELIGION METHOD ISLAMIC JURISTS DERIVE RULINGS KNOWN USUL AL-FIQH LEGAL THEORY PRINCIPLES JURISPRUDENCE ACCORDING ISLAMIC LEGAL THEORY FOUR FUNDAMENTAL ROOTS WHICH GIVEN PRECEDENCE THIS ORDER QUR'AN SUNNAH ACTIONS SAYINGS MUHAMMAD CONSENSUS MUSLIM JURISTS IJMA ANALOGICAL REASONING QIYAS EARLY ISLAMIC JURISTS THEORY LESS IMPORTANT THAN PRAGMATIC APPLICATION CENTURY JURIST ASH-SHAFI'I PROVIDED THEORETICAL BASIS ISLAMIC CODIFYING PRINCIPLES JURISPRUDENCE INCLUDING FOUR FUNDAMENTAL ROOTS BOOK AR-RIS RELIGION STATE ISLAMIC DOES DISTINGUISH BETWEEN MATTERS CHURCH MATTERS STATE ULEMA FUNCTION BOTH JURISTS THEOLOGIANS PRACTICE ISLAMIC RULERS FREQUENTLY BYPASSED SHARIA COURTS WITH PARALLEL SYSTEM SO-CALLED GRIEVANCE COURTS OVER WHICH THEY SOLE CONTROL MUSLIM WORLD CAME INTO CONTACT WITH WESTERN SECULAR IDEALS MUSLIM SOCIETIES RESPONDED DIFFERENT WAYS TURKEY BEEN GOVERNED SECULAR STATE EVER SINCE REFORMS MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATüRK CONTRAST IRANIAN REVOLUTION REPLACED MOSTLY SECULAR REGIME WITH ISLAMIC REPUBLIC AYATOLLAH RUHOLLA KHOMEINI ETIQUETTE DIET MAIN ARTICLES ADAB BEHAVIOR ISLAMIC DIETARY LAWS MANY PRACTICES FALL CATEGORY ADAB ISLAMIC ETIQUETTE THIS INCLUDES GREETING OTHERS WITH AS-SALAMU ALAYKUM PEACE UNTO SAYING BISMILLAH NAME BEFORE MEALS USING ONLY RIGHT HAND EATING DRINKING ISLAMIC HYGIENIC PRACTICES MAINLY FALL INTO CATEGORY PERSONAL CLEANLINESS HEALTH SUCH CIRCUMCISION MALE OFFSPRING ISLAMIC BURIAL RITUALS INCLUDE SAYING SALAT AL-JANAZAH FUNERAL PRAYER OVER BATHED ENSHROUDED DEAD BODY BURYING GRAVE MUSLIMS LIKE JEWS RESTRICTED THEIR DIET PROHIBITED FOODS INCLUDE PRODUCTS BLOOD CARRION ALCOHOL MEAT MUST COME FROM HERBIVOROUS ANIMAL SLAUGHTERED NAME MUSLIM CHRISTIAN WITH EXCEPTION GAME THAT HUNTED FISHED ONESELF FOOD PERMISSIBLE MUSLIMS KNOWN HALAL FOOD JIHAD MAIN ARTICLES JIHAD ISLAMIC MILITARY JURISPRUDENCE JIHAD MEANS STRIVE STRUGGLE CONSIDERED SIXTH PILLAR ISLAM MINORITY MUSLIM AUTHORITIES JIHAD BROADEST SENSE CLASSICALLY DEFINED EXERTING ONE'S UTMOST POWER EFFORTS ENDEAVORS ABILITY CONTENDING WITH OBJECT DISAPPROBATION DEPENDING OBJECT BEING VISIBLE ENEMY DEVIL ASPECTS ONE'S SELF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES JIHAD DEFINED JIHAD WHEN USED WITHOUT QUALIFIER UNDERSTOOD MILITARY ASPECT JIHAD ALSO REFERS ONE'S STRIVING ATTAIN RELIGIOUS MORAL PERFECTION SOME MUSLIM AUTHORITIES ESPECIALLY AMONG SHI'A SUFIS DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GREATER JIHAD WHICH PERTAINS SPIRITUAL SELF-PERFECTION LESSER JIHAD DEFINED WARFARE WITHIN ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE JIHAD USUALLY TAKEN MEAN MILITARY EXERTION AGAINST NON-MUSLIM COMBATANTS DEFENSE EXPANSION ISLAMIC STATE ULTIMATE PURPOSE WHICH UNIVERSALIZE ISLAM JIHAD ONLY FORM WARFARE PERMISSIBLE ISLAMIC DECLARED AGAINST APOSTATES REBELS HIGHWAY ROBBERS VIOLENT GROUPS UNISLAMIC LEADERS STATES WHICH REFUSE SUBMIT AUTHORITY ISLAM MOST MUSLIMS TODAY INTERPRET JIHAD ONLY DEFENSIVE FORM WARFARE EXTERNAL JIHAD INCLUDES STRUGGLE MAKE ISLAMIC SOCIETIES CONFORM ISLAMIC NORMS JUSTICE UNDER MOST CIRCUMSTANCES MOST MUSLIMS JIHAD COLLECTIVE DUTY FARD KIFAYA PERFORMANCE SOME INDIVIDUALS EXEMPTS OTHERS ONLY THOSE VESTED WITH AUTHORITY ESPECIALLY SOVEREIGN IMAM DOES JIHAD BECOME INDIVIDUAL DUTY REST POPULACE THIS HAPPENS ONLY CASE GENERAL MOBILIZATION MOST SHIAS OFFENSIVE JIHAD ONLY DECLARED DIVINELY APPOINTED LEADER MUSLIM COMMUNITY SUCH SUSPENDED SINCE MUHAMMAD AL-MAHDI'S OCCULTATION HISTORY MAIN ARTICLES MUSLIM HISTORY SPREAD ISLAM ISLAM'S HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT RESULTED MAJOR POLITICAL ECONOMIC MILITARY EFFECTS INSIDE OUTSIDE ISLAMIC WORLD WITHIN CENTURY MUHAMMAD'S FIRST RECITATIONS QUR'AN ISLAMIC EMPIRE STRETCHED FROM ATLANTIC OCEAN WEST CENTRAL ASIA EAST THIS POLITY SOON BROKE INTO CIVIL SUCCESSOR STATES FOUGHT EACH OTHER OUTSIDE FORCES HOWEVER ISLAM CONTINUED SPREAD INTO REGIONS LIKE AFRICA INDIAN SUBCONTINENT SOUTHEAST ASIA ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION MOST ADVANCED WORLD DURING MIDDLE AGES SURPASSED EUROPE WITH ECONOMIC MILITARY GROWTH WEST DURING CENTURIES ISLAMIC DYNASTIES SUCH OTTOMANS MUGHALS FELL UNDER SWAY EUROPEAN IMPERIAL POWERS CENTURY RELIGIOUS POLITICAL MOVEMENTS NEWFOUND WEALTH ISLAMIC WORLD BOTH REBIRTH CONFLICT RISE CALIPHATE ISLAMIC CIVIL FURTHER INFORMATION SUCCESSION MUHAMMAD MUSLIM CONQUESTS BATTLE KARBALA MUHAMMAD BEGAN PREACHING ISLAM MECCA BEFORE MIGRATING MEDINA FROM WHERE UNITED TRIBES ARABIA INTO SINGULAR ARAB MUSLIM RELIGIOUS POLITY WITH MUHAMMAD'S DEATH DISAGREEMENT BROKE OVER WOULD SUCCEED LEADER MUSLIM COMMUNITY UMAR AL-KHATTAB PROMINENT COMPANION MUHAMMAD NOMINATED BAKR MUHAMMAD'S INTIMATE FRIEND COLLABORATOR OTHERS ADDED THEIR SUPPORT BAKR MADE FIRST CALIPH THIS CHOICE DISPUTED SOME MUHAMMAD'S COMPANIONS HELD THAT TALIB COUSIN SON-IN-LAW BEEN DESIGNATED SUCCESSOR BAKR'S IMMEDIATE TASK AVENGE RECENT DEFEAT BYZANTINE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FORCES ALTHOUGH FIRST DOWN REBELLION ARAB TRIBES EPISODE KNOWN RIDDA WARS WARS APOSTASY TERRITORY CALIPHATE DEATH RESULTED SUCCESSION UMAR CALIPH FOLLOWED UTHMAN AL-AFFAN TALIB THESE FOUR KNOWN AL-KHULAF AR-R SHID RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS UNDER THEM TERRITORY UNDER MUSLIM RULE EXPANDED DEEPLY INTO PERSIAN BYZANTINE TERRITORIES WHEN UMAR ASSASSINATED ELECTION UTHMAN SUCCESSOR WITH INCREASING OPPOSITION UTHMAN ALSO KILLED ASSUMED POSITION CALIPH AFTER FIGHTING OPPOSITION FIRST CIVIL FIRST FITNA ASSASSINATED KHARIJITES FOLLOWING THIS MU'AWIYAH GOVERNOR LEVANT SEIZED POWER BEGAN UMAYYAD DYNASTY THESE DISPUTES OVER RELIGIOUS POLITICAL LEADERSHIP WOULD GIVE RISE SCHISM MUSLIM COMMUNITY MAJORITY ACCEPTED LEGITIMACY THREE RULERS PRIOR BECAME KNOWN SUNNIS MINORITY DISAGREED BELIEVED THAT ONLY RIGHTFUL SUCCESSOR THEY BECAME KNOWN SHI'A AFTER MU'AWIYAH'S DEATH CONFLICT OVER SUCCESSION BROKE AGAIN CIVIL KNOWN SECOND FITNA AFTERWARD UMAYYAD DYNASTY PREVAILED SEVENTY YEARS ABLE CONQUER MAGHRIB AL-ANDALUS IBERIAN PENINSULA FORMER VISIGOTHIC HISPANIA NARBONNESE GAUL WEST WELL EXPAND MUSLIM TERRITORY INTO SINDH FRINGES CENTRAL ASIA WHILE MUSLIM-ARAB ELITE ENGAGED CONQUEST SOME DEVOUT MUSLIMS BEGAN QUESTION PIETY INDULGENCE WORLDLY LIFE EMPHASIZING RATHER POVERTY HUMILITY AVOIDANCE BASED RENUNCIATION BODILY DESIRES DEVOUT MUSLIM ASCETIC EXEMPLARS SUCH HASAN AL-BASRI WOULD INSPIRE MOVEMENT THAT WOULD EVOLVE INTO SUFISM UMAYYAD ARISTOCRACY ISLAM VIEWED RELIGION ARABS ONLY ECONOMY UMAYYAD EMPIRE BASED ASSUMPTION THAT MAJORITY NON-MUSLIMS DHIMMIS WOULD TAXES MINORITY MUSLIM ARABS NON-ARAB WANTED CONVERT ISLAM SUPPOSED FIRST BECOME CLIENT ARAB TRIBE EVEN AFTER CONVERSION THESE MUSLIMS MAWALI ACHIEVE SOCIAL ECONOMIC EQUALITY WITH ARABS DESCENDANTS MUHAMMAD'S UNCLE ABBAS AL-MUTTALIB RALLIED DISCONTENTED MAWALI POOR ARABS SOME SHI'A AGAINST UMAYYADS OVERTHREW THEM WITH HELP THEIR PROPAGANDIST GENERAL MUSLIM INAUGURATING ABBASID DYNASTY UNDER ABBASIDS ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION FLOURISHED ISLAMIC GOLDEN WITH CAPITAL COSMOPOLITAN CITY BAGHDAD GOLDEN MAIN ARTICLE ISLAMIC GOLDEN FURTHER INFORMATION MUSLIM AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION ARTISTIC DEPICTION BATTLE HATTIN WHERE JERUSALEM RECAPTURED SALADIN'S AYYUBID FORCESBY LATE CENTURY ABBASID CALIPHATE BEGAN FRACTURE VARIOUS REGIONS GAINED INCREASING LEVELS AUTONOMY ACROSS NORTH AFRICA PERSIA CENTRAL ASIA EMIRATES FORMED PROVINCES BROKE AWAY MONOLITHIC ARAB EMPIRE GAVE MORE RELIGIOUSLY HOMOGENIZED MUSLIM WORLD WHERE SHIA FATIMIDS CONTESTED EVEN RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY CALIPHATE SELJUQ TURKS ELIMINATED ABBASIDS MILITARY POWER NEVERTHELESS THEY CONTINUED RESPECT CALIPH'S TITULAR AUTHORITY DURING THIS TIME EXPANSION MUSLIM WORLD CONTINUED BOTH CONQUEST PEACEFUL PROSELYTISM EVEN BOTH ISLAM MUSLIM TRADE NETWORKS WERE EXTENDING INTO SUB-SAHARAN WEST AFRICA CENTRAL ASIA VOLGA BULGARIA MALAY ARCHIPELAGO GOLDEN LEGAL PHILOSOPHICAL RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS MAJOR HADITH COLLECTIONS WERE COMPILED FOUR MODERN SUNNI MADH'HABS WERE ESTABLISHED ISLAMIC ADVANCED GREATLY EFFORTS EARLY CENTURY JURIST AL-SHAFI'I CODIFIED METHOD ESTABLISH RELIABILITY HADITH TOPIC WHICH BEEN LOCUS DISPUTE AMONG ISLAMIC SCHOLARS PHILOSOPHERS SINA AVICENNA AL-FARABI SOUGHT INCORPORATE GREEK PRINCIPLES INTO ISLAMIC THEOLOGY WHILE OTHERS LIKE CENTURY THEOLOGIAN HAMID AL-GHAZZALI ARGUED AGAINST THEM ULTIMATELY PREVAILED FINALLY SUFISM SHI'ISM BOTH UNDERWENT MAJOR CHANGES CENTURY SUFISM BECAME FULL-FLEDGED MOVEMENT THAT MOVED TOWARDS MYSTICISM AWAY FROM ASCETIC ROOTS WHILE SHI'ISM SPLIT DISAGREEMENTS OVER SUCCESSION IMAMS SPREAD ISLAMIC DOMINION INDUCED HOSTILITY AMONG MEDIEVAL ECCLESIASTICAL CHRISTIAN AUTHORS ISLAM ADVERSARY LIGHT LARGE NUMBERS MUSLIM CONVERTS THIS OPPOSITION RESULTED POLEMICAL TREATISES WHICH DEPICTED ISLAM RELIGION ANTICHRIST MUSLIMS LIBIDINOUS SUBHUMAN MEDIEVAL PERIOD ARAB PHILOSOPHERS LIKE POET AL-MA'ARRI ADOPTED CRITICAL APPROACH ISLAM JEWISH PHILOSOPHER MAIMONIDES CONTRASTED ISLAMIC VIEWS MORALITY JEWISH VIEWS THAT HIMSELF ELABORATED CRUSADES RECONQUISTA MONGOL INVASION MAIN ARTICLES CRUSADES RECONQUISTA FURTHER INFORMATION MONGOL INVASION CENTRAL ASIA ILKHANATE STARTING CENTURY MUSLIM CONQUESTS WEST BEGAN REVERSED RECONQUISTA LAUNCHED AGAINST MUSLIM PRINCIPALITIES IBERIA MUSLIM ITALIAN POSSESSIONS WERE LOST NORMANS FROM CENTURY ONWARDS ALLIANCES EUROPEAN CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS MOBILIZED LAUNCH SERIES WARS KNOWN CRUSADES BRINGING MUSLIM WORLD INTO CONFLICT WITH CHRISTENDOM INITIALLY SUCCESSFUL THEIR GOAL TAKING HOLY LAND ESTABLISHING CRUSADER STATES CRUSADER GAINS HOLY LAND WERE LATER REVERSED SUBSEQUENT MUSLIM GENERALS SUCH SALADIN RECAPTURED JERUSALEM DURING SECOND CRUSADE EAST MONGOL EMPIRE ABBASSID DYNASTY BATTLE BAGHDAD THEY OVERRAN MUSLIM LANDS SERIES INVASIONS MEANWHILE EGYPT SLAVE-SOLDIER MAMLUKS TOOK CONTROL UPRISING ALLIANCE WITH GOLDEN HORDE WERE ABLE HALT MONGOL ARMIES BATTLE JALUT MONGOL RULE EXTENDED ACROSS BREADTH ALMOST MUSLIM LANDS ASIA ISLAM TEMPORARILY REPLACED BUDDHISM OFFICIAL RELIGION LAND OVER NEXT CENTURY MONGOL KHANATES CONVERTED ISLAM THIS RELIGIOUS CULTURAL ABSORPTION USHERED MONGOL-ISLAMIC SYNTHESIS THAT SHAPED FURTHER SPREAD ISLAM CENTRAL ASIA INDIAN SUBCONTINENT TURKISH IRANIAN INDIAN EMPIRES SELJUK TURKS CONQUERED ABBASSID LANDS ADOPTED ISLAM BECOME FACTO RULERS CALIPHATE THEY CAPTURED ANATOLIA DEFEATING BYZANTINES BATTLE MANZIKERT THEREBY PRECIPITATING CALL CRUSADES THEY HOWEVER FELL APART RAPIDLY SECOND HALF CENTURY GIVING RISE VARIOUS SEMI-AUTONOMOUS TURKIC DYNASTIES CENTURIES OTTOMAN EMPIRE NAMED AFTER OSMAN EMERGED FROM AMONG THESE GHAZI EMIRATES ESTABLISHED ITSELF AFTER STRING CONQUESTS THAT INCLUDED BALKANS PARTS GREECE WESTERN ANATOLIA UNDER MEHMED OTTOMANS LAID SIEGE CONSTANTINOPLE CAPITAL BYZANTIUM WHICH SUCCUMBED SHORTLY THEREAFTER HAVING BEEN OVERWHELMED GREATER NUMBER OTTOMAN TROOPS LESSER EXTENT CANNONRY BEGINNING CENTURY SUFISM UNDERWENT TRANSFORMATION LARGELY RESULT EFFORTS AL-GHAZZALI LEGITIMIZE REORGANIZE MOVEMENT DEVELOPED MODEL SUFI ORDER—A COMMUNITY SPIRITUAL TEACHERS STUDENTS ALSO IMPORTANCE SUFISM CREATION MASNAVI COLLECTION MYSTICAL POETRY CENTURY PERSIAN POET RUMI MASNAVI PROFOUND INFLUENCE DEVELOPMENT SUFI RELIGIOUS THOUGHT MANY SUFIS SECOND IMPORTANCE ONLY QUR'AN MAHAL MAUSOLEUM LOCATED AGRA INDIA THAT BUILT UNDER MUGHAL RULE EARLY CENTURY SHI'I SAFAVID DYNASTY ASSUMED CONTROL PERSIA ESTABLISHED SHI'A ISLAM OFFICIAL RELIGION THERE DESPITE PERIODIC SETBACKS SAFAVIDS REMAINED POWERFUL CENTURIES MEANWHILE MAMLUK EGYPT FELL OTTOMANS THEN LAUNCHED EUROPEAN CAMPAIGN WHICH REACHED GATES VIENNA AFTER INVASION PERSIA SACK BAGHDAD MONGOLS DELHI BECAME MOST IMPORTANT CULTURAL CENTRE MUSLIM EAST MANY ISLAMIC DYNASTIES RULED PARTS INDIAN SUBCONTINENT STARTING FROM CENTURY PROMINENT ONES INCLUDE DELHI SULTANATE MUGHAL EMPIRE THESE EMPIRES HELPED SPREAD ISLAM SOUTH ASIA EARLY- CENTURY MARATHA EMPIRE BECAME PRE-EMINENT POWER NORTH INDIA MID- CENTURY BRITISH EMPIRE FORMALLY ENDED MUGHAL DYNASTY CENTURY OVERTHREW MUSLIM-RULED KINGDOM MYSORE CENTURY WAHHABI MOVEMENT TOOK HOLD SAUDI ARABIA FOUNDED PREACHER AL-WAHHAB WAHHABISM FUNDAMENTALIST IDEOLOGY THAT CONDEMNS PRACTICES LIKE SUFISM VENERATION SAINTS UN-ISLAMIC CENTURIES DESPITE ATTEMPTS MODERNIZATION OTTOMAN EMPIRE BEGUN FEEL THREATENED EUROPEAN ECONOMIC MILITARY ADVANTAGES CENTURY RISE NATIONALISM RESULTED GREECE DECLARING WINNING INDEPENDENCE WITH SEVERAL BALKAN STATES FOLLOWING SUIT AFTER OTTOMANS SUFFERED DEFEAT RUSSO-TURKISH OTTOMAN CAME CLOSE WORLD CALIPHATE ABOLISHED CENTURY SALAFI DEOBANDI BARELWI MOVEMENTS WERE INITIATED MODERN TIMES –PRESENT FURTHER INFORMATION FALL OTTOMAN EMPIRE ARAB REVOLT ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT IRANIAN REVOLUTION EARLY YEARS CENTURY MOST MUSLIM WORLD OUTSIDE OTTOMAN EMPIRE BEEN ABSORBED INTO EMPIRES NON-ISLAMIC EUROPEAN POWERS AFTER WORLD LOSSES NEARLY OTTOMAN EMPIRE ALSO PARCELED EUROPEAN PROTECTORATES SPHERES INFLUENCE COURSE CENTURY MOST THESE EUROPEAN-RULED TERRITORIES BECAME INDEPENDENT ISSUES SUCH WEALTH RELATIONS WITH STATE ISRAEL HAVE ASSUMED PROMINENCE DURING THIS TIME MANY MUSLIMS MIGRATED INDENTURED SERVANTS FROM MOSTLY INDIA INDONESIA CARIBBEAN FORMING LARGEST MUSLIM POPULATIONS PERCENTAGE AMERICAS ADDITIONALLY RESULTING URBANIZATION INCREASE TRADE AFRICA BROUGHT MUSLIMS SETTLE AREAS SPREAD THEIR FAITH RESULT ISLAM SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LIKELY DOUBLED BETWEEN ORGANIZATION ISLAMIC CONFERENCE CONSISTING MUSLIM COUNTRIES FORMALLY ESTABLISHED SEPTEMBER AFTER BURNING AL-AQSA MOSQUE JERUSALEM CENTURY CREATION MANY ISLAMIC REVIVALIST MOVEMENTS GROUPS SUCH MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD EGYPT JAMAAT-E-ISLAMI PAKISTAN ADVOCATE TOTALISTIC THEOCRATIC ALTERNATIVE SECULAR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES SOMETIMES CALLED ISLAMIST THEY WESTERN CULTURAL VALUES THREAT PROMOTE ISLAM COMPREHENSIVE SOLUTION EVERY PUBLIC PRIVATE QUESTION IMPORTANCE COUNTRIES LIKE IRAN AFGHANISTAN UNDER TALIBAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS REPLACED SECULAR REGIMES WITH ISLAMIST STATES WHILE TRANSNATIONAL GROUPS LIKE OSAMA LADEN'S AL-QAEDA ENGAGE TERRORISM FURTHER THEIR GOALS CONTRAST LIBERAL ISLAM MOVEMENT THAT ATTEMPTS RECONCILE RELIGIOUS TRADITION WITH MODERN NORMS SECULAR GOVERNANCE HUMAN RIGHTS SUPPORTERS THAT THERE MULTIPLE WAYS READ ISLAM'S SACRED TEXTS STRESS NEED LEAVE ROOM INDEPENDENT THOUGHT RELIGIOUS MATTERS MODERN CRITIQUE ISLAM INCLUDES ACCUSATIONS THAT ISLAM INTOLERANT CRITICISM THAT ISLAMIC HARD APOSTATES CRITICS LIKE WARRAQ QUESTION MORALITY QU'RAN SAYING THAT CONTENTS JUSTIFY MISTREATMENT WOMEN ENCOURAGE ANTISEMITIC REMARKS MUSLIM THEOLOGIANS SUCH CLAIMS DISPUTED MUSLIM WRITERS LIKE FAZLUR RAHMAN MALIK SYED AMEER AHMED DEEDAT YUSUF ESTES OTHERS LIKE DANIEL PIPES MARTIN KRAMER FOCUS MORE CRITICIZING SPREAD ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM DANGER THEY FEEL BEEN IGNORED MONTGOMERY WATT NORMAN DANIEL DISMISS MANY CRITICISMS PRODUCT MYTHS POLEMICS RISE ISLAMOPHOBIA ACCORDING CARL ERNST CONTRIBUTED NEGATIVE VIEWS ABOUT ISLAM MUSLIMS WEST COMMUNITY MAIN ARTICLE MUSLIM WORLD DEMOGRAPHICS ALSO ISLAM COUNTRY DEMOGRAPHICS ISLAM MUSLIM PERCENTAGE POPULATION COUNTRYCOMMONLY CITED ESTIMATES MUSLIM POPULATION RANGE FROM BILLION BILLION APPROXIMATELY SUNNI SHI'A WITH SMALL MINORITY BELONGING OTHER SECTS SOME COUNTRIES MUSLIM-MAJORITY ARABS ACCOUNT AROUND MUSLIMS WORLDWIDE SOUTH ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA CONTAIN MOST POPULOUS MUSLIM COUNTRIES WITH INDONESIA INDIA PAKISTAN BANGLADESH HAVING MORE THAN MILLION ADHERENTS EACH ACCORDING GOVERNMENT FIGURES THERE WERE MILLION MUSLIMS CHINA MIDDLE EAST NON-ARAB COUNTRIES TURKEY IRAN LARGEST MUSLIM-MAJORITY COUNTRIES AFRICA EGYPT NIGERIA HAVE MOST POPULOUS MUSLIM COMMUNITIES ISLAM SECOND LARGEST RELIGION AFTER CHRISTIANITY MANY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES MOSQUES MAIN ARTICLE MOSQUE MOSQUE PLACE WORSHIP MUSLIMS OFTEN REFER ARABIC NAME MASJID WORD MOSQUE ENGLISH REFERS TYPES BUILDINGS DEDICATED ISLAMIC WORSHIP ALTHOUGH THERE DISTINCTION ARABIC BETWEEN SMALLER PRIVATELY OWNED MOSQUE LARGER COLLECTIVE MOSQUE MASJID ALTHOUGH PRIMARY PURPOSE MOSQUE SERVE PLACE PRAYER ALSO IMPORTANT MUSLIM COMMUNITY PLACE MEET STUDY MODERN MOSQUES HAVE EVOLVED GREATLY FROM EARLY DESIGNS CENTURY CONTAIN VARIETY ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS SUCH MINARETS FAMILY LIFE ALSO WOMEN ISLAM BASIC UNIT ISLAMIC SOCIETY FAMILY ISLAM DEFINES OBLIGATIONS LEGAL RIGHTS FAMILY MEMBERS FATHER SEEN FINANCIALLY RESPONSIBLE FAMILY OBLIGED CATER THEIR WELL-BEING DIVISION INHERITANCE SPECIFIED QUR'AN WHICH STATES THAT MOST PASS IMMEDIATE FAMILY WHILE PORTION ASIDE PAYMENT DEBTS MAKING BEQUESTS WOMAN'S SHARE INHERITANCE GENERALLY HALF THAT WITH SAME RIGHTS SUCCESSION MARRIAGE ISLAM CIVIL CONTRACT WHICH CONSISTS OFFER ACCEPTANCE BETWEEN QUALIFIED PARTIES PRESENCE WITNESSES GROOM REQUIRED BRIDAL GIFT MAHR BRIDE STIPULATED CONTRACT CANTERBURY MOSQUE ZEALAND JUNE BUILT OVER WORLD'S SOUTHERN-MOST MOSQUE UNTIL HAVE FOUR WIVES BELIEVES TREAT THEM EQUALLY WHILE WOMAN HAVE ONLY HUSBAND MOST MUSLIM COUNTRIES PROCESS DIVORCE ISLAM KNOWN TALAQ WHICH HUSBAND INITIATES PRONOUNCING WORD DIVORCE SCHOLARS DISAGREE WHETHER ISLAMIC HOLY TEXTS JUSTIFY TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC PRACTICES SUCH VEILING SECLUSION PURDAH STARTING CENTURY MUSLIM SOCIAL REFORMERS ARGUED AGAINST THESE OTHER PRACTICES SUCH POLYGAMY WITH VARYING SUCCESS SAME TIME MANY MUSLIM WOMEN HAVE ATTEMPTED RECONCILE TRADITION WITH MODERNITY COMBINING ACTIVE LIFE WITH OUTWARD MODESTY CERTAIN ISLAMIST GROUPS LIKE TALIBAN HAVE SOUGHT CONTINUE TRADITIONAL APPLIED WOMEN CALENDAR MAIN ARTICLE ISLAMIC CALENDAR FORMAL BEGINNING MUSLIM CHOSEN HIJRA WHICH IMPORTANT TURNING POINT MUHAMMAD'S FORTUNES ASSIGNMENT THIS YEAR YEAR ANNO HEGIRAE ISLAMIC CALENDAR REPORTEDLY MADE CALIPH UMAR LUNAR CALENDAR WITH NINETEEN ORDINARY YEARS DAYS ELEVEN LEAP YEARS DAYS THIRTY-YEAR CYCLE ISLAMIC DATES CANNOT CONVERTED DATES SIMPLY ADDING YEARS ALLOWANCE MUST ALSO MADE FACT THAT EACH HIJRI CENTURY CORRESPONDS ONLY YEARS CHRISTIAN CALENDAR YEAR COINCIDES ALMOST COMPLETELY WITH ISLAMIC HOLY DAYS FALL FIXED DATES LUNAR CALENDAR WHICH MEANS THAT THEY OCCUR DIFFERENT SEASONS DIFFERENT YEARS GREGORIAN CALENDAR MOST IMPORTANT ISLAMIC FESTIVALS AL-FITR ARABIC SHAWWAL MARKING FASTING MONTH RAMADAN AL-ADHA ARABIC AL-HIJJAH COINCIDING WITH PILGRIMAGE MECCA OTHER RELIGIONS MAIN ARTICLE ISLAM OTHER RELIGIONS VIEW DOME ROCK TEMPLE MOUNT JERUSALEM HOLY SITE BOTH ISLAM JUDAISM THAT BEEN SOURCE CONTROVERSY AL-AQSA MOSQUE CONGREGATION BUILDING MUSLIMS BELIEVE THAT MUHAMMAD ASCENDED HEAVEN THIS SITE ACCORDING ISLAMIC DOCTRINE ISLAM PRIMORDIAL RELIGION MANKIND PROFESSED ADAM SOME POINT RELIGIOUS SPLIT OCCURRED BEGAN SENDING PROPHETS BRING REVELATIONS PEOPLE THIS VIEW ABRAHAM MOSES HEBREW PROPHETS JESUS WERE PROPHETS ISLAM THEIR MESSAGE TEXTS TORAH GOSPELS WERE CORRUPTED JEWS CHRISTIANS SIMILARLY CHILDREN NON-MUSLIM FAMILIES BORN MUSLIMS CONVERTED ANOTHER FAITH THEIR PARENTS IDEA ISLAMIC SUPREMACY ENCAPSULATED FORMULA ISLAM EXALTED NOTHING EXALTED ABOVE PURSUANT THIS PRINCIPLE MUSLIM WOMEN MARRY NON-MUSLIM DEFAMATION ISLAM PROHIBITED TESTIMONY NON-MUSLIM INADMISSIBLE AGAINST MUSLIM ISLAMIC DIVIDES NON-MUSLIMS INTO SEVERAL CATEGORIES DEPENDING THEIR RELATION WITH ISLAMIC STATE CHRISTIANS JEWS LIVE UNDER ISLAMIC RULE KNOWN DHIMMIS PROTECTED PEOPLES ACCORDING THIS PACT PERSONAL SAFETY SECURITY PROPERTY DHIMMIS WERE GUARANTEED RETURN PAYING TRIBUTE JIZYA ISLAMIC STATE ACKNOWLEDGING MUSLIM SUPREMACY HISTORICALLY DHIMMIS ENJOYED MEASURE COMMUNAL AUTONOMY UNDER THEIR RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE SUBJECT LEGAL SOCIAL RELIGIOUS RESTRICTIONS MEANT HIGHLIGHT THEIR INFERIORITY STATUS EXTENDED OTHER GROUPS LIKE ZOROASTRIANS HINDUS ATHEISTS AGNOSTICS THOSE LIVE NON-MUSLIM LANDS AL-HARB KNOWN HARBIS UPON ENTERING INTO ALLIANCE WITH MUSLIM STATE BECOME KNOWN AL-AHD THOSE RECEIVE GUARANTEE SAFETY WHILE RESIDING TEMPORARILY MUSLIM LANDS KNOWN AL-AM THEIR LEGAL POSITION SIMILAR THAT DHIMMI EXCEPT THAT THEY REQUIRED JIZYA PEOPLE ARMISTICE AL-HUDNA THOSE LIVE OUTSIDE MUSLIM TERRITORY AGREE REFRAIN FROM ATTACKING MUSLIMS APOSTASY PROHIBITED PUNISHABLE DEATH ALEVI YAZIDI DRUZE AHMADIYYA BáBí BAHá'í BERGHOUATA HA-MIM MOVEMENTS EITHER EMERGED ISLAM CAME SHARE CERTAIN BELIEFS WITH ISLAM SOME CONSIDER THEMSELVES SEPARATE WHILE OTHERS STILL SECTS ISLAM THOUGH CONTROVERSIAL CERTAIN BELIEFS WITH MAINSTREAM MUSLIMS SIKHISM FOUNDED GURU NANAK LATE CENTURY PUNJAB INCORPORATES ASPECTS BOTH ISLAM HINDUISM DENOMINATIONS MAIN ARTICLE DIVISIONS ISLAM SHOWING DISTRIBUTION SHIA SUNNI MUSLIMS AFRICA ASIA EUROPE ISLAM CONSISTS NUMBER RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS THAT ESSENTIALLY SIMILAR BELIEF WHICH HAVE SIGNIFICANT THEOLOGICAL LEGAL DIFFERENCES PRIMARY DIVISION BETWEEN SUNNI SHI'A WITH SUFISM GENERALLY CONSIDERED MYSTICAL INFLECTION ISLAM RATHER THAN DISTINCT SCHOOL ACCORDING MOST SOURCES APPROXIMATELY WORLD'S MUSLIMS SUNNI APPROXIMATELY SHI'A WITH SMALL MINORITY MEMBERS OTHER ISLAMIC SECTS SUNNI MAIN ARTICLE SUNNI SUNNI MUSLIMS LARGEST GROUP ISLAM ARABIC AS-SUNNAH LITERALLY MEANS PRINCIPLE PATH SUNNAH EXAMPLE MUHAMMAD'S LIFE RECORDED QUR'AN HADITH MAIN PILLAR SUNNI DOCTRINE SUNNIS BELIEVE THAT FIRST FOUR CALIPHS WERE RIGHTFUL SUCCESSORS MUHAMMAD SINCE SPECIFY PARTICULAR LEADERS SUCCEED THOSE LEADERS ELECTED SUNNIS RECOGNIZE FOUR MAJOR LEGAL TRADITIONS MADHHABS HANAFI MALIKI SHAFI'I HANBALI FOUR ACCEPT VALIDITY OTHERS MUSLIM MIGHT CHOOSE THAT FINDS AGREEABLE OTHER ISLAMIC SECTS BELIEVED HAVE DEPARTED FROM MAJORITY INTRODUCING INNOVATIONS BIDAH THERE ALSO SEVERAL ORTHODOX THEOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS WITHIN SUNNISM EXAMPLE RECENT SALAFI MOVEMENT SEES ITSELF RESTORATIONIST CLAIMS DERIVE TEACHINGS FROM ORIGINAL SOURCES ISLAM DIVISIONS ISLAM SHI'A MAIN ARTICLE SHI'A ALSO SUCCESSION MUHAMMAD SHI'A CONSTITUTE SECOND-LARGEST BRANCH ISLAM BELIEVE POLITICAL RELIGIOUS LEADERSHIP IMAMS FROM PROGENY TALIB ACCORDING MOST SHI'A STATE ISMAH MEANING INFALLIBILITY THEY BELIEVE THAT TALIB COUSIN SON-IN-LAW MUHAMMAD RIGHTFUL SUCCESSOR THEY CALL FIRST IMAM LEADER REJECTING LEGITIMACY PREVIOUS MUSLIM CALIPHS MOST SHI'A IMAM RULES RIGHT DIVINE APPOINTMENT HOLDS ABSOLUTE SPIRITUAL AUTHORITY AMONG MUSLIMS HAVING FINAL MATTERS DOCTRINE REVELATION ALTHOUGH SHI'A SHARE MANY CORE PRACTICES WITH SUNNI BRANCHES DISAGREE OVER PROPER IMPORTANCE VALIDITY SPECIFIC COLLECTIONS HADITH SHI'A FOLLOW LEGAL TRADITION CALLED JA'FARI JURISPRUDENCE SHI'A ISLAM SEVERAL BRANCHES LARGEST WHICH TWELVERS AšARIYYA WHILE OTHERS ISMAILI SEVENERS ZAIDIYYAH SUFISM MAIN ARTICLE SUFISM STRICTLY DENOMINATION SUFISM MYSTICAL-ASCETIC FORM ISLAM FOCUSING MORE SPIRITUAL ASPECTS RELIGION SUFIS STRIVE OBTAIN DIRECT EXPERIENCE MAKING INTUITIVE EMOTIONAL FACULTIES THAT MUST TRAINED SUFISM ISLAMIC USUALLY CONSIDERED COMPLEMENTARY ALTHOUGH SUFISM BEEN CRITICIZED SOME MUSLIMS BEING UNJUSTIFIED RELIGIOUS INNOVATION MOST SUFI ORDERS TARIQAS CLASSIFIED EITHER SUNNI SHI'A OTHERS KHARIJITES SECT THAT DATES BACK EARLY DAYS ISLAM ONLY SURVIVING BRANCH KHARIJITES IBADISM UNLIKE MOST KHARIJITE GROUPS IBADISM DOES REGARD SINFUL MUSLIMS UNBELIEVERS IMAMATE IMPORTANT TOPIC IBADI LEGAL LITERATURE WHICH STIPULATES THAT LEADER SHOULD CHOSEN SOLELY BASIS KNOWLEDGE PIETY DEPOSED ACTS UNJUSTLY MOST IBADI MUSLIMS LIVE OMAN ALSO ISLAM PORTAL FURTHER INFORMATION CATEGORY ISLAM ISLAMIC PEACE ISLAMIC ISLAMIC ECONOMICS ISLAMIC ETHICS ISLAMIC LITERATURE ISLAMIC STUDIES ISLAM MODERNITY ISLAMISM ISLAMIZATION MOHAMMEDANISM LIST MUSLIMS LIST MUSLIM EMPIRES LIST NOTABLE CONVERTS ISLAM LIST NOTABLE FORMER MUSLIMS LIST WARS MUSLIM WORLD TIMELINE ISLAMIC HISTORY ANIMAL WELFARE ISLAM CHILDREN'S RIGHTS ISLAM PRISONERS RIGHTS ISLAM PERSECUTION MUSLIMS PROPHETS ISLAM REFERENCES NOTES USC-MSA COMPENDIUM MUSLIM TEXTS GARDET JOMIER ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED LANE'S LEXICON RETRIEVED MAJOR RELIGIONS WORLD—RANKED NUMBER ADHERENTS HTML RETRIEVED ESPOSITO GHAMIDI SOURCES ISLAM ACCAD ACCORDING TAYMIYA ALTHOUGH ONLY SOME MUSLIMS ACCEPT TEXTUAL VERACITY ENTIRE BIBLE MOST MUSLIMS WILL GRANT VERACITY MOST ESPOSITO ESPOSITO PETERS BUHL WELCH MUHAMMAD ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED HAVA LAZARUS-YAFEH TAHRIF ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO ESPOSITO SHARI'AH ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO ESPOSITO THESE FIGURES QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN GARDET JOMIER ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED CYRIL GLASSé CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN SAHIH MUSLIM FARAH MOMEN ESPOSITO MOMEM ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN QUR'AN ISLAM ENCYCLOPEDIA RELIGION ISLAM ENCYCLOPEDIA RELIGION ISLAM CHRISTIANITY ENCYCLOPEDIA CHRISTIANITY ARABIC-SPEAKING CHRISTIANS JEWS ALSO REFER GARDET ALLAH ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED DAVID THOMAS TATHLITH TRINITY ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE RETRIEVED CONTRARY MUSLIM UNDERSTANDING SOME SCHOLARS HAVE SUGGESTED THAT QUR'AN ONLY OPPOSES CERTAIN DEVIANT FORMS TRINITARIAN BELIEF QUR'AN ESPOSITO ESPOSITO GRIFFITH GIMARET ALLAH TAWHID ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED WILLIAM MONTGOMERY WATT CAMBRIDGE HISTORY ISLAM RICHARD BELL WILLIAM MONTGOMERY WATT INTRODUCTION QUR'AN PETERS HAVE FAILED CONVINCED THAT QURAN WORDS MUHAMMAD PERHAPS EVEN DICTATED AFTER THEIR RECITATION ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO ESPOSITO TAFSIR ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED TEECE TURNER QUR'AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED WORD QUR'AN INVENTED FIRST USED QUR'AN ITSELF THERE DIFFERENT THEORIES ABOUT THIS TERM FORMATION QUR'AN QUR'AN QUR'AN ESPOSITO MADELUNG 'IKA ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED GISELA WEBB ANGEL ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO ESPOSITO PETERS MUHAMMAD ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN BUHL WELCH MUHAMMAD ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED PETERS LAPIDUS BUHL WELCH MUHAMMAD ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM MUSLIM WORLD ROBSON HADITH ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED BROWN SUNNA ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED RESURRECTION ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM AVICENNA ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED USAYN KNOWN WEST AVICENNA GARDET QIYAMA ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN SMITH ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM MUSLIM WORLD HEAVEN COLUMBIA ENCYCLOPEDIA ASMA AFSARUDDIN GARDEN ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE RETRIEVED PARADISE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN COHEN-MOR IDEA PREDESTINATION REINFORCED FREQUENT MENTION EVENTS 'BEING WRITTEN' 'BEING BOOK' BEFORE THEY HAPPEN 'SAY NOTHING WILL HAPPEN EXCEPT WHAT ALLAH DECREED AHMET KARAMUSTAFA FATE ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE RETRIEVED VERB QADARA LITERALLY MEANS MEASURE DETERMINE HERE USED MEAN THAT MEASURES ORDERS CREATION FARAH PATTON MOMEN MOMEM PILLARS ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED FARAH MOMEN ISLAM ENCYCLOPEDIA RELIGIOUS RITES RITUALS FESTIVALS ESPOSITO HEDáYETULLAH KOBEISY MOMEN QUR'AN ESPOSITO MOMEN ZAKAT ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED ZAKAT ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE RETRIEVED QUR'AN ESPOSITO ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED WHOM FASTING MANDATORY COMPENDIUM MUSLIM TEXTS USC-MSA RETRIEVED FARAH GOLDSCHMIDT HAJJ ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED MOMEN SHARI'AH ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED MENSKI CARRA VAUX SCHACHT GOICHON HADD ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED CALDER HOOKER SHARIA ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED WEISS XVII ESPOSITO LAPIDUS LEWIS QUR'AN CURTIS ESPOSITO GHAMIDI CUSTOMS BEHAVIORAL LAWS GHAMIDI DIETARY LAWS GHAMIDI VARIOUS TYPES PRAYER ERSILIA FRANCESCA SLAUGHTER ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO FIRESTONE REUVEN FIRESTONE MEANING BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA JIHAD BROCKOPP ESPOSITO JIHAD ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED FIRESTONE DJIHAD ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM ONLINE FIRESTONE DJIH ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED KNOWING ENEMY JIHADIST IDEOLOGY TERROR MARY HABECK YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS SACHEDINA LAPIDUS LEWIS HOLT HOURANI LAPIDUS MADELUNG TABATABAEI HOLT GARDET JOMIER ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED HOLT WAINES DONALD PUCHALA ‘’THEORY HISTORY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PAGE ROUTLEDGE LAPIDUS SUFISM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED HAWTING LAPIDUS LEWIS HOLT HOLT LAPIDUS LEWIS GARDET JOMIER ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED LAPIDUS ABBASID DYNASTY ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED LAPIDUS LAPIDUS WAINES ESPOSITO LAPIDUS SUFISM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED TOLAN NOVAK FEBRUARY SAHAS LAPIDUS LAPIDUS ISLAMIC WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED HOLT LAPIDUS ISTANBUL ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO ISLAMIC ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED ESPOSITO LAPIDUS GARDET JOMIER ISLAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED IKRAM MUSLIM CIVILIZATION INDIA YORK COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS LAPIDUS LAPIDUS WATT WAHHABISM SHOULD CONFUSED WITH EARLY KHARIJITE SECT WAHABIYYA WHICH NAMED AFTER ABD-ALLAH IBN-WAHB AR-RASIBI OPPOSED NAHRAWAN LAPIDUS TURKEY LAPIDUS MUSLIM MINORITIES WEST VISIBLE INVISIBLE YVONNE YAZBECK HADDAD JANE SMITH BULLIET RICHARD PAMELA CROSSLEY DANIEL HEADRICK STEVEN HIRSCH LYMAN JOHNSON DAVID NORTHRUP EARTH PEOPLES BOSTON HOUGHTON MIFFLIN ISBN ORGANIZATION ISLAMIC CONFERENCE ESPOSITO LAPIDUS RIPPIN TIMOTHY GARTON ISLAM EUROPE YORK REVIEW BOOKS NYRB EXAMPLE MAJOR THEMES QUR'AN FAZLUR RAHMAN MALIK WHICH ARGUES AGAINST TREATMENT QUR'AN EITHER PIECEMEAL EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION IDEAS REVIEW WILLIAM GRAHAM EXAMPLE SPIRIT ISLAM SYED AMEER DESCRIBED DAVID SAMUEL MARGOLIOUTH PROBABLY BEST ACHIEVEMENT APOLOGY MOHAMMED MARGOLIOUTH PREFACE MOHAMMED RISE ISLAM WESTERLUND ELIZABETH OMARA-OTUNNU RAMADAN AWARENESS EVENT DESIGNED DEBUNK NEGATIVE IMAGES ADVANCE UNIVERSITY CONNECTICUT BERNSTEIN RICHARD EXPERTS ISLAM POINTING FINGERS ANOTHER YORK TIMES RETRIEVED SEIBERT WATT ERNST NUMBER MUSLIM COUNTRY NATIONMASTER RETRIEVED INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT —CHINA INCLUDES TIBET HONG KONG MACAU DEPARTMENT STATE BUREAU DEMOCRACY HUMAN RIGHTS LABOR RETRIEVED ESPOSITO ISLAMIC WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED MAJOR RELIGIONS WORLD RANKED NUMBER ADHERENTS ADHERENTS RETRIEVED MUSLIMS EUROPE COUNTRY GUIDE NEWS RETRIEVED RELIGION BRITAIN NATIONAL STATISTICS OFFICE NATIONAL STATISTICS RETRIEVED PEDERSEN HILLENBRAND BURTON-PAGE MASDJID ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED MOSQUE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED AL-MAR'A ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM WAINES OXFORD DICTIONARY ISLAM ESPOSITO TALAK ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ESPOSITO HARALD MOTZKI MARRIAGE DIVORCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN RETRIEVED LORI PEEK MARRIAGE PRACTICES ENCYCLOPEDIA WOMEN ISLAMIC CULTURES RETRIEVED ADIL PETERS DALEN HUMPHREYS MANUELA MARíN TARIKH ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED GHAMIDI CUSTOMS BEHAVIORAL LAWS FRIEDMANN FRIEDMANN FRIEDMANN FRIEDMANN FRIEDMANN LEWIS LEWIS FRIEDMANN ERNST FOLLOWING MUHAMMAD LEWIS FRIEDMANN AMAN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM WOMAN APOSTASIZES EXECUTED ACCORDING SOME JURISTS IMPRISONED ACCORDING OTHERS MURTADD ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM SIKHS ESPOSITO SUNNI SHIA ISLAM COUNTRY STUDIES LIBRARY CONGRESS RETRIEVED ESPOSITO SHARIAH ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED SUNNITE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED LAPIDUS IMAM ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED SHI'ITE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED IMAMAT NASER MAKAREM SHIRAZI AHMED NASR KRAMER SYRIA'S ALAWIS SHI'ISM SHIA BRANCHES TRIMINGHAM ESPOSITO MALIK TURNER AFGHANISTAN COUNTRY STUDY COUNTRY STUDIES LIBRARY CONGRESS FEDERAL RESEARCH DIVISION RETRIEVED IBADI ISLAM INTRODUCTION WILLIAMS AL-IB IYYA ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE RETRIEVED BOOKS JOURNALS ACCAD MARTIN GOSPELS MUSLIM DISCOURSE NINTH FOURTEENTH CENTURIES EXEGETICAL INVENTORIAL TABLE PART ISLAM CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM RELATIONS ISSN ADIL HAJJAH AMINA SHAYKH NAZIM ADIL AL-HAQQANI SHAYKH MUHAMMAD HISHAM KABBANI MUHAMMAD MESSENGER ISLAM ISLAMIC SUPREME COUNCIL AMERICA ISBN AHMED AKBAR ISLAM TODAY SHORT INTRODUCTION MUSLIM WORLD TAURIS ISBN BROCKOPP JONATHAN ISLAMIC ETHICS LIFE ABORTION EUTHANASIA UNIVERSITY SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS ISBN COHEN-MOR DALYA MATTER FATE CONCEPT FATE ARAB WORLD REFLECTED MODERN ARABIC LITERATURE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN CURTIS PATRICIA GUIDE FOOD LAWS REGULATIONS BLACKWELL PUBLISHING PROFESSIONAL ISBN EGLASH AFRICAN FRACTALS MODERN COMPUTING INDIGENOUS DESIGN RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ERNST CARL FOLLOWING MUHAMMAD RETHINKING ISLAM CONTEMPORARY WORLD UNIVERSITY NORTH CAROLINA PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN JOHN OBERT VOLL ISLAM DEMOCRACY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN ISLAM STRAIGHT PATH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN YVONNE YAZBECK HADDAD MUSLIMS AMERICANIZATION PATH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN OXFORD HISTORY ISLAM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ESPOSITO JOHN UNHOLY TERROR NAME ISLAM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS KNOW ABOUT ISLAM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN OXFORD DICTIONARY ISLAM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ESPOSITO JOHN ISLAM STRAIGHT PATH OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN FARAH CAESAR ISLAM BELIEFS OBSERVANCES BARRON'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES ISBN FARAH CAESAR ISLAM BELIEFS OBSERVANCES BARRON'S EDUCATIONAL SERIES ISBN FIRESTONE REUVEN JIHAD ORIGIN HOLY ISLAM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN FRIEDMANN YOHANAN TOLERANCE COERCION ISLAM INTERFAITH RELATIONS MUSLIM TRADITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN GHAMIDI JAVED MIZAN AL-ISHRAQ OCLC GOLDSCHMIDT ARTHUR LAWRENCE DAVIDSON CONCISE HISTORY MIDDLE EAST WESTVIEW PRESS ISBN GRIFFITH RUTH MARIE BARBARA DIANNE SAVAGE WOMEN RELIGION AFRICAN DIASPORA KNOWLEDGE POWER PERFORMANCE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN HAWTING FIRST DYNASTY ISLAM UMAYYAD CALIPHATE ROUTLEDGE ISBN HEDAYETULLAH MUHAMMAD DYNAMICS ISLAM EXPOSITION TRAFFORD PUBLISHING ISBN HOLT BERNARD LEWIS CAMBRIDGE HISTORY ISLAM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN HOLT LAMBTON BERNARD LEWIS CAMBRIDGE HISTORY ISLAM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN HOURANI ALBERT HISTORY ARAB PEOPLES BELKNAP PRESS REVISED EDITION ISBN HUMPHREYS STEPHEN BETWEEN MEMORY DESIRE UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA PRESS ISBN KOBEISY AHMED NEZAR COUNSELING AMERICAN MUSLIMS UNDERSTANDING FAITH HELPING PEOPLE PRAEGER PUBLISHERS ISBN KOPRULU MEHMED FUAD LEISER GARY ORIGINS OTTOMAN EMPIRE SUNY PRESS ISBN KRAMER MARTIN SHI'ISM RESISTANCE REVOLUTION WESTVIEW PRESS ISBN KUGLE SCOTT ALAN REBEL BETWEEN SPIRIT AHMAD ZARRUQ SAINTHOOD AUTHORITY ISLAM INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN LAPIDUS HISTORY ISLAMIC SOCIETIES CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN LEWIS BERNARD JEWS ISLAM ROUTLEDGE KEGAN PAUL ISBN LEWIS BERNARD ARABS HISTORY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN LEWIS BERNARD MIDDLE EAST SCRIBNER ISBN LEWIS BERNARD ISLAM HISTORY IDEAS PEOPLE EVENTS MIDDLE EAST OPEN COURT ISBN LEWIS BERNARD WHAT WENT WRONG CLASH BETWEEN ISLAM MODERNITY MIDDLE EAST REPRINT HARPER PERENNIAL ISBN LEWIS BERNARD CRISIS ISLAM HOLY UNHOLY TERROR RANDOM HOUSE YORK ISBN MADELUNG WILFERD SUCCESSION MUHAMMAD STUDY EARLY CALIPHATE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN MALIK JAMAL JOHN HINNELLS NETLIBRARY SUFISM WEST ROUTLEDGE ISBN MENSKI WERNER COMPARATIVE GLOBAL CONTEXT LEGAL SYSTEMS ASIA AFRICA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN MOHAMMAD NOOR DOCTRINE JIHAD INTRODUCTION JOURNAL RELIGION MOMEN MOOJAN INTRODUCTION ISLAM HISTORY DOCTRINES TWELVER YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN NASR SEYED MUHAMMAD RELIGIONS SEVEN WORLD RELIGIONS INTRODUCED PREEMINENT SCHOLARS FROM EACH TRADITION CHAPTER HARPERCOLLINS ISBN NOVAK DAVID FEBRUARY MIND MAIMONIDES FIRST THINGS PARRINDER GEOFFREY WORLD RELIGIONS FROM ANCIENT HISTORY PRESENT HAMLYN PUBLISHING GROUP LIMITED ISBN PATTON WALTER APRIL DOCTRINE FREEDOM KORâN AMERICAN JOURNAL SEMITIC LANGUAGES LITERATURES BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ISBN PETERS QUEST HISTORICAL MUHAMMAD INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL MIDDLE EAST STUDIES PETERS ISLAM GUIDE JEWS CHRISTIANS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN PETERS RUDOLPH JIHAD MEDIEVAL MODERN ISLAM BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ISBN RIPPIN ANDREW MUSLIMS THEIR RELIGIOUS BELIEFS PRACTICES ROUTLEDGE ISBN RUTHVEN MALISE FUNDAMENTALISM SEARCH MEANING OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN SAHAS DANIEL JOHN DAMASCUS ISLAM HERESY ISHMAELITES BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ISBN SACHEDINA ABDULAZIZ JUST RULER SHI'ITE ISLAM COMPREHENSIVE AUTHORITY JURIST IMAMITE JURISPRUDENCE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN SEIBERT ROBERT REVIEW ISLAM WEST MAKING IMAGE NORMAN DANIEL REVIEW RELIGIOUS RESEARCH SELLS MICHAEL ANTHONY EMRAN QURESHI CRUSADES CONSTRUCTING MUSLIM ENEMY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN SMITH JANE ISLAMIC UNDERSTANDING DEATH RESURRECTION OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN STILLMAN NORMAN JEWS ARAB LANDS HISTORY SOURCE BOOK PHILADELPHIA JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY AMERICA ISBN TABATABAE SAYYID MOHAMMAD HOSAYN SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR TRANSLATOR SHI'ITE ISLAM SUNY PRESS ISBN TABATABAE SAYYID MOHAMMAD HOSAYN CAMPBELL TRANSLATOR ISLAMIC TEACHINGS OVERVIEW GLANCE LIFE HOLY PROPHET ISLAM GREEN GOLD ISBN TEECE GEOFF RELIGION FOCUS ISLAM FRANKLIN WATTS ISBN TOLAN JOHN SARACENS ISLAM MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN IMAGINATION COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS TRIMINGHAM JOHN SPENCER SUFI ORDERS ISLAM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN TRITTON ARTHUR CALIPHS THEIR NON-MUSLIM SUBJECTS CRITICAL STUDY COVENANT UMAR LONDON FRANK CASS PUBLISHER ISBN TURNER COLIN ISLAM BASICS ROUTLEDGE ISBN TURNER BRYAN WEBER ISLAM ROUTLEDGE ISBN WAINES DAVID INTRODUCTION ISLAM CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN WARRAQ QUEST HISTORICAL MUHAMMAD PROMETHEUS ISBN WARRAQ LEAVING ISLAM APOSTATES SPEAK PROMETHEUS ISBN WATT MONTGOMERY FORMATIVE PERIOD ISLAMIC THOUGHT UNIVERSITY PRESS EDINBURGH ISBN WATT MONTGOMERY MUHAMMAD PROPHET STATESMAN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN WEISS BERNARD STUDIES ISLAMIC LEGAL THEORY BOSTON BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ISBN WILLIAMS JOHN ALDEN WORD ISLAM UNIVERSITY TEXAS PRESS ISBN WILLIAMS MARY MIDDLE EAST GREENHAVEN ISBN ENCYCLOPEDIAS BERKSHIRE ENCYCLOPEDIA WORLD HISTORY WILLIAM MCNEILL JERRY BENTLEY DAVID CHRISTIAN BERKSHIRE PUBLISHING GROUP ISBN CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA GABRIEL OUSSANI COLUMBIA ENCYCLOPEDIA PAUL LAGASSE LORA GOLDMAN ARCHIE HOBSON SUSAN NORTON GALE GROUP ISBN ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPEDIA CHRISTIANITY ERWIN FAHLBUSCH WILLIAM GEOFFREY BROMILEY EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY BRILL ISBN ENCYCLOPEDIA CHRISTIANITY JOHN BOWDEN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN ENCYCLOPEDIA FUTURE GEORGE THOMAS KURIAN GRAHAM MOLITOR MACMILLAN REFERENCE BOOKS ISBN ENCYCLOPAEDIA ISLAM ONLINE BEARMAN BIANQUIS BOSWORTH DONZEL HEINRICHS BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ISSN ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM MUSLIM WORLD RICHARD MARTIN SAID AMIR ARJOMAND MARCIA HERMANSEN ABDULKADER TAYOB ROCHELLE DAVIS JOHN OBERT VOLL MACMILLAN REFERENCE BOOKS ISBN ENCYCLOPAEDIA QUR'AN ONLINE JANE DAMMEN MCAULIFFE BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ENCYCLOPEDIA RELIGION LINDSAY JONES MACMILLAN REFERENCE BOOKS ISBN ENCYCLOPEDIA RELIGIOUS RITES RITUALS FESTIVALS SALAMONE FRANK ROUTLEDGE ISBN ENCYCLOPEDIA WORLD HISTORY ONLINE PETER STEARNS BARTLEBY MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION ENCYCLOPEDIA JOSEF MERI ROUTLEDGE ISBN MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA WORLD RELIGIONS WENDY DONIGER MERRIAM-WEBSTER ISBN ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM REVISED EDITION CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM GLASSE CYRIL ALTAMIRA PRESS ISSN ROUTLEDGE ENCYCLOPEDIA PHILOSOPHY EDWARD CRAIG ROUTLEDGE ISBN FURTHER READING ARBERRY KORAN INTERPRETED TRANSLATION TOUCHSTONE ISBN HAWTING GERALD FIRST DYNASTY ISLAM UMAYYARD CALIPHATE ROUTLEDGE ISBN KHAN MUHAMMAD MUHSIN AL-HILALI KHAN MUHAMMAD TAQI-UD-DIN NOBLE QURAN DAR-US-SALAM PUBLICATIONS ISBN KRAMER MARTIN JEWISH DISCOVERY ISLAM STUDIES HONOR BERNARD LEWIS SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ISBN KUBAN DOGAN MUSLIM RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS ISBN LEWIS BERNARD ISLAM HISTORY IDEAS PEOPLE EVENTS MIDDLE EAST OPEN COURT ISBN LEWIS BERNARD ISLAM WEST OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN LEWIS BERNARD CULTURES CONFLICT CHRISTIANS MUSLIMS JEWS DISCOVERY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN MUBARKPURI SAIFUR-RAHMAN SEALED NECTAR BIOGRAPHY PROPHET DAR-US-SALAM PUBLICATIONS ISBN NAJEEBABADI AKBAR SHAH HISTORY ISLAM DAR-US-SALAM PUBLICATIONS ISBN NIGOSIAN ISLAM HISTORY TEACHING PRACTICES EDITION INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN RAHMAN FAZLUR ISLAM UNIVERSITY CHICAGO PRESS ISBN TAUSCH ARNO WITH CHRISTIAN BISCHOF KARL MUELLER MUSLIM CALVINISM” INTERNAL SECURITY LISBON PROCESS EUROPE AMSTERDAM ROZENBERG PUBLISHERS WALKER BENJAMIN FOUNDATIONS ISLAM MAKING WORLD FAITH PETER OWEN PUBLISHERS ISBN EXTERNAL LINKS FIND MORE ABOUT ISLAM WIKIPEDIA'S SISTER PROJECTS DICTIONARY DEFINITIONS TEXTBOOKS QUOTATIONS SOURCE TEXTS IMAGES MEDIA NEWS STORIES LEARNING RESOURCES ACADEMIC RESOURCES UNIVERSITY SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COMPENDIUM MUSLIM TEXTS ENCYCLOPEDIA ISLAM OVERVIEW WORLD RELIGIONS UNIT ISLAM FROM NITLE ARAB CULTURE CIVILIZATION ONLINE RESOURCE ISLAM ARTICLE ENYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE DIRECTORIES ISLAM WESTERN EUROPE UNITED KINGDOM GERMANY SOUTH ASIA ISLAM OPEN DIRECTORY PROJECT ISLAM BOOKSHELF PROJECT GUTENBERG ISLAM TEXT AUDIO VIDEO THREE TRANSLATIONS KORAN AL-QUR'AN SIDE SIDE KUR'AN AUDIO RECORDINGS MANY QUR'AN RECITALS EASY STREAM PLAY QURANIC AUIDO DOWNLOADABLE STREAMABLE DIFFERENT RECITERS QUR'AN AUDIO READING MATERIAL NUMEROUS LANGUAGES ISLAM ARTS ISLAM FOCUS ISLAMIC ANGELES COUNTY MUSEUM MUSLIM HERITAGE FOUNDATION SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY CIVILISATION ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IAORG ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIONS REVIEWS LARGE NUMBER MOSQUES PALACES MONUMENTS SHOW EISLAM TOPICS BELIEFS ISLAM TAWHID MUHAMMAD PROPHETS ISLAM FIVE PILLARS SHAHADAH SALAH SAWM ZAKAT HAJJ HISTORY LEADERS TIMELINE MUSLIM HISTORY AL-BAYT SAHABA SHI'A IMAMS CALIPHS RASHIDUN CALIPHS UMAYYAD ABBASID FATIMID OTTOMANS CALIPHATES RASHIDUN CALIPHATE UMAYYAD ABBASID CALIPHATE CORDOBA FATIMID OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONQUESTS GOLDEN AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION RELIGIOUS TEXTS QUR'AN SUNNAH HADITH DENOMINATIONS SUNNI SHIA SUFISM IBADI LIFE CULTURE ANIMALS CALENDAR CHILDREN HOLIDAYS MOSQUES PHILOSOPHY POLITICAL ASPECTS SCIENCE WOMEN ISLAMIC STUDIES ISLAM COUNTRY JURISPRUDENCE BALIGH CLEANLINESS CRIMINAL DHABI DHIMMI DIVORCE DIET ECONOMICS BANKING ECONOMIC HISTORY MURABAHA RIBA ETHICS ETIQUETTE GAMBLING GENDER SEGREGATION GHUSL HONORIFICS HUDUD HYGIENE MISWAK TOILET WUDU NAJIS INHERITANCE JIZYA LEADERSHIP MARITAL MARRIAGE CONTRACT NIKAH NIKAH MUT‘AH MAHR MAHRAM MALAKAT AYMANUKUM MILITARY PRISONERS SLAVERY POLITICAL SEXUALITY MASTURBATION SEXUAL TECHNIQUES SUKUK TAKAFUL TAYAMMUM THEOLOGICAL KALAM ZINA SOURCES ISLAMIC STUDIES AGRICULTURE ARTS ARABESQUE ARCHITECTURE CALLIGRAPHY MUSIC POTTERY CREATIONISM FEMINISM GOLDEN LITERATURE POETRY PHILOSOPHY EARLY PHILOSOPHY MODERN PHILOSOPHY ESCHATOLOGY ETHICS THEOLOGY SCIENCES ALCHEMY CHEMISTRY ASTROLOGY ASTRONOMY ECONOMICS ISLAM SCIENCE MATHEMATICS MEDICINE PHYSICS PSYCHOLOGY SOCIOLOGY EARLY SOCIOLOGY SHU'UBIYYA SPORTS CONVERSION MOSQUES HISTORIOGRAPHY INVENTIONS OTHER RELIGIONS CHRISTIANITY HINDUISM JAINISM JUDAISM SIKHISM RELATED TOPICS APOSTASY CONTROVERSIES CRITICISM ISLAM CRITICISM MUHAMMAD CRITICISM QUR'AN ISLAMISM ISLAMOPHOBIA ISLAMIC TERRORISM ISLAMIC VIEW MIRACLES ISLAM ANTISEMITISM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE PERSECUTION MUSLIMS QUR'AN MIRACLES QUTBISM SHOW ERELIGION TOPICS MAJOR GROUPS 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WIKIPEDIA® REGISTERED TRADEMARK WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION REGISTERED TAX-DEDUCTIBLE NONPROFIT CHARITY PRIVACY POLICY ABOUT WIKIPEDIA DISCLAIMERS HELP PROVIDE FREE CONTENT WORLD DONATING TODAY LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE FROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA REDIRECTED FROM JUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH REDIRECTS HERE OTHER USES DISAMBIGUATION LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE SYSTEMATIC IUPAC NAME N-DIETHYL- -METHYL- HEXAHYDROINDOLO- QUINOLINE- -CARBOXAMIDE IDENTIFIERS NUMBER CODE PUBCHEM CHEMSPIDER CHEMICAL DATA FORMULA MASS SMILES EMOLECULES PUBCHEM SYNONYMS LSD- LYSERGIDE D-LYSERGIC ACID CHEMISODIUMN N-DIETHYL-D-LYSERGAMIDE PHYSICAL DATA MELT POINT PHARMACOKINETIC DATA BIOAVAILABILITY METABOLISM HEPATIC HALF LIFE HOURS EXCRETION RENAL THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS PREGNANCY LEGAL STATUS PROHIBITED SCHEDULE CLASS SCHEDULE ROUTES ORAL INTRAVENOUS TRANSDERMAL LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE LSD- ACID SEMISYNTHETIC PSYCHEDELIC DRUG ERGOLINE FAMILY UNUSUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS WHICH INCLUDE VISUALS COLORED PATTERNS BEHIND EYES SENSE TIME DISTORTING CRAWLING GEOMETRIC PATTERNS LOSS USER'S SENSE IDENTITY MADE MOST WIDELY KNOWN PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS BEEN USED MAINLY RECREATIONAL DRUG ENTHEOGEN TOOL SUPPLEMENT VARIOUS PRACTICES TRANSCENDENCE INCLUDING MEDITATION PSYCHONAUTICS PROJECTS ILLICIT FORMERLY LEGAL PSYCHEDELIC THERAPY SYNTHESIZED FROM LYSERGIC ACID DERIVED FROM ERGOT GRAIN FUNGUS THAT TYPICALLY GROWS FIRST SYNTHESIZED SWISS CHEMIST ALBERT HOFMANN SHORT FORM COMES FROM EARLY CODE NAME LSD- WHICH ABBREVIATION GERMAN LYSERGSäURE-DIETHYLAMID FOLLOWED SEQUENTIAL NUMBER SENSITIVE OXYGEN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT CHLORINE ESPECIALLY SOLUTION THOUGH POTENCY LAST YEARS STORED AWAY FROM LIGHT MOISTURE TEMPERATURE PURE FORM COLORLESS ODORLESS MILDLY BITTER TYPICALLY DELIVERED ORALLY USUALLY SUBSTRATE SUCH ABSORBENT BLOTTER PAPER SUGAR CUBE GELATIN LIQUID FORM ADMINISTERED INTRAMUSCULAR INTRAVENOUS INJECTION THRESHOLD DOSAGE LEVEL NEEDED CAUSE PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECT HUMANS BETWEEN MICROGRAMS INTRODUCED SANDOZ LABORATORIES DRUG WITH VARIOUS PSYCHIATRIC USES QUICKLY BECAME THERAPEUTIC AGENT THAT APPEARED SHOW GREAT PROMISE HOWEVER EXTRA-MEDICINAL DRUG WESTERN SOCIETY DURING MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY POLITICAL FIRESTORM THAT RESULTED BANNING SUBSTANCE NUMBER ORGANIZATIONS—INCLUDING BECKLEY FOUNDATION MAPS HEFFTER RESEARCH INSTITUTE ALBERT HOFMANN FOUNDATION—EXIST FUND ENCOURAGE COORDINATE RESEARCH INTO MEDICINAL USES CONTENTS HIDE HISTORY BICYCLE EARLY RESEARCH GOVERNMENT RESEARCH CURRENT RESEARCH DOSAGE EFFECTS PHARMACOKINETICS PHARMACODYNAMICS PHYSICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL SENSORY PERCEPTION SPIRITUAL POTENTIAL RISKS FLASHBACKS VERSUS HPPD PSYCHOSIS CHEMISTRY STABILITY PRODUCTION FORMS LEGAL STATUS UNITED STATES CANADA HONG KONG UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES PRIOR UNITED STATES PRESENT PICKARD APPERSON MODERN DISTRIBUTION ALSO REFERENCES FURTHER READING EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT HISTORY MAIN ARTICLE HISTORY DISCOVERER ALBERT HOFMANN FIRST SYNTHESIZED NOVEMBER SWISS CHEMIST ALBERT HOFMANN SANDOZ LABORATORIES BASEL SWITZERLAND PART LARGE RESEARCH PROGRAM SEARCHING MEDICALLY USEFUL ERGOT ALKALOID DERIVATIVES ERGOT FUNGUS THAT INFECTING CEREAL GRAINS USED MAKING BREADS CAUSES ERGOTISM AFTER HOFMANN SUCCEEDED SYNTHESIZING ERGOBASINE WHICH BECAME PREEMINENT UTEROTONIC BEGAN WORKING OTHER AMIDE DERIVATIVES LYSERGIC ACID MAJOR DRUGS MAKING HALLUCINOGEN CLASS DRUGS LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE LYSERGIC ACID DERIVATIVE HOFMANN SYNTHESISED HENCE NAME LSD- DEVELOPED INITIALLY PROBABLE ANALEPTIC CIRCULATORY RESPIRATORY STIMULANT BASED STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY ANOTHER KNOWN ANALEPTIC NIKETHAMIDE NICOTINIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE HOWEVER EXTRAORDINARY BENEFITS COMPOUND WERE IDENTIFIED DURING ANIMAL TESTS THOUGH LABORATORY NOTES BRIEFLY MENTION THAT ANIMALS BECAME RESTLESS UNDER EFFECTS STUDY DISCONTINUED PSYCHEDELIC PROPERTIES WERE UNKNOWN UNTIL FIVE YEARS LATER WHEN HOFMANN ACTING WHAT CALLED PECULIAR PRESENTIMENT RETURNED WORK CHEMICAL WHILE RE-SYNTHESIZING LSD- FURTHER STUDY APRIL HOFMANN BECAME DIZZY FORCED STOP WORK JOURNAL HOFMANN WROTE THAT AFTER BECOMING DIZZY PROCEEDED HOME AFFECTED REMARKABLE RESTLESSNESS COMBINED WITH SLIGHT DIZZINESS HOFMANN STATED THAT SANK INTO UNPLEASANT INTOXICATED LIKE CONDITION WHICH CHARACTERIZED EXTREMELY STIMULATED IMAGINATION STATED THAT DREAMLIKE STATE WITH EYES CLOSED COULD UNINTERRUPTED STREAMS FANTASTIC PICTURES EXTRAORDINARY SHAPES WITH INTENSE KALEIDOSCOPIC PLAY COLORS CONDITION LASTED ABOUT HOURS AFTER WHICH FADED AWAY HOFMANN ATTRIBUTED PSYCHOACTIVE EFFECTS EXPERIENCED ACCIDENTALLY ABSORBING TINY AMOUNT LSD- INTO SKIN THREE DAYS LATER WOULD TAKE MUCH LARGER DOSE ORDER TEST EFFECTS FURTHER THIS WOULD LATER REFERRED BICYCLE EDIT BICYCLE APRIL ALBERT HOFMANN INTENTIONALLY IN
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