NEXI.COM

Seed Words for Nuclear Physics Glossary

ATOBARN BARNS UNIT USED MEASURE CROSS-SECTION INVERSE THIS UNIT USED MEASURE INTEGRATED LUMINOSITY ACCELERATOR ACCELERATORS RING-SHAPED LINEAR DEVICES THAT ACCELERATE CHARGED PARTICLES MORE POWERFUL THAN OTHER MICROSCOPE HIGH-ENERGY ACCELERATORS ALLOW PHYSICISTS STUDY MATTER SMALLEST SCALE HUMAN BEINGS HAVE EVER SEEN EXPOSING QUARKS INSIDE PROTON SAME TIME HIGH-ENERGY ACCELERATORS PRODUCE COLLISIONS THAT RECREATE CONDITIONS EARLY UNIVERSE THOUGH MUCH SMALLER VOLUME CREATING TINY FIREBALLS HIGH DENSITY HIGH TEMPERATURE PHYSICISTS PRODUCE PARTICLES THAT WERE ABUNDANT EARLY UNIVERSE TRILLIONTH SECOND AFTER BANG MORE HTTP SLAC STANFORD ACCELERATOR HTML ALTERNATING GRADIENT SYNCHROTRON ACCELERATOR BASED BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY MORE INFORMATION HTTP BNLWEB FACILITIES HTML AMANDA ANTARTIC MUON NEUTRINO DETECTOR ARRAY CHERENKOV DETECTOR EMBEDDING LOCATED SOUTH POLE DESIGNED LOOK VERY HIGH ENERGY NEUTRINOS MORE INFORMATION HTTP AMANDA BERKELEY AMANDA AMANDA HTML ANTIMATTER PARTICLES ORDINARY MATTER ELECTRONS PROTONS NEUTRONS HAVE ANTI-MATTER PARTNERS THAT APPEAR IDENTICAL RESPECTS MASS SPIN EXCEPT THAT THEY HAVE OPPOSITE ELECTRIC CHARGE BELIEVE THAT BANG EQUAL QUANTITIES MATTER ANTIMATTER WERE CREATED FACT THAT UNIVERSE CONTAINS MATTER ANTI-MATTER KNOWN MATTER-ANTI-MATTER ASYMMETRY UNDERSTANDING THIS ASYMMETRY PRODUCED MAJOR GOAL PARTICLE PHYSICS ASTROPHYSICS ANTIQUARK ANTI-MATTER PARTNER QUARK ANTIPARTICLE GENERIC TERM ANTI-MATTER PARTNER PARTICLE ANTIPROTON ANTI-MATTER PARTNER PROTON ATLAS TOROIDAL APPARATUS THIS MULTI-PURPOSE EXPERIMENT CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION DETECTOR LARGE HADRON COLLIDER GENEVA SWITZERLAND MORE INFORMATION HTTP PRESS CERN ATLAS WELCOME HTML PHYSICS STUDY PARTICLES CONTAINING BOTTOM QUARK QUARK SECOND HEAVIEST QUARK FOUND ONLY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS B-MESONS IDEAL OBJECTS STUDY TINY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATTER ANTI-MATTER B-MESON MESON CONTAINING BOTTOM QUARK LIGHTER ANTI-QUARK QUARK SECOND HEAVIEST QUARK FOUND ONLY PARTICLE ACCELERATORS ONLY QUARK HEAVIER BABAR THIS EXPERIMENT WHICH FOCUSES B-MESONS USES STORAGE RING STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER SLAC PRIMARY GOALS INVESTIGATE UNIVERSE APPEARS MADE ENTIRELY FROM MATTER FROM ANTI-MATTER THERE COMPETING EXPERIMENT BELLE LOCATED LABORATORY MORE INFORMATION BABAR EXPERIMENT HTTP SLAC STANFORD BFROOT BARN UNIT CROSS-SECTION BARN EQUAL BARYONS HADRON COMPOSED THREE QUARKS EXAMPLES INCLUDE PROTONS NEUTRONS FOUND ORDINARY NUCLEI BELLE THIS EXPERIMENT WHICH FOCUSES B-MESONS LOCATED LABORATORY JAPAN PRIMARY GOALS INVESTIGATE UNIVERSE APPEARS MADE ENTIRELY FROM MATTER FROM ANTI-MATTER THERE COMPETING EXPERIMENT BABAR LOCATED STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER MORE INFORMATION BELLE EXPERIMENT HTTP BSUNSRV BEPC BEIJING ELECTRON POSITRON COLLIDER BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY NATIONAL LABORATORY LOCATED LONG ISLAND YORK THIS MULTIDISCIPLINARY LABORATORY OPERATED DEPARTMENT ENERGY SITE RHIC RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLIDER ACCELERATORS MORE INFORMATION HTTP WORLD BOONE BOOSTER NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT PROPOSED EXPERIMENT BASED FERMILAB EXPANDED VERSION MINI-BOONE EXPERIMENT WHICH CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION FURTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE HTTP WWW-BOONE FNAL BRANCHING RATIO FRACTION WHEN PARTICLE DECAYS OFTEN DECAY SEVERAL WAYS LIKELIHOOD DECAYING PARTICULAR MODE KNOWN BRANCHING RATIO THAT DECAY MODE BTEV PROPOSED EXPERIMENT TAKE PLACE FERMILAB TEVATRON WOULD STUDY B-MESON DECAY DETAIL MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-BTEV FNAL BTEV HTML COLLIDER DETECTOR FERMILAB THIS LARGE MULTI-PURPOSE EXPERIMENTS LOCATED FERMILAB TEVATRON ALONG WITH DISCOVERED QUARK MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-CDF FNAL CENTER-OF-MASS ENERGY PARTICLE COLLISIONS THIS ENERGY THAT INTO MAKING PARTICLES COLLIDER EXPERIMENT WHERE BEAMS EQUAL ENERGY COLLIDE HEAD-ON THIS SIMPLY ENERGY BEAMS FIXED TARGET EXPERIMENTS WHICH BEAM PARTICLES STRIKES STATIONARY TARGET CENTER-OF-MASS ENERGY SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN ENERGIES COLLIDING PARTICLES CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION NUCLEAR RESEARCH PARTICLE PHYSICS LABORATORY GENEVA SWITZERLAND THAT SUPPORTED MEMBER STATES SITE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER WHICH CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION OVER LAST FIFTEEN YEARS EXPERIMENTS CERN HAVE PROVIDED PARTICLE PHYSICISTS CRUCIAL INFORMATION ABOUT ELECTROWEAK UNIFICATION MORE INFORMATION HTTP WELCOME CERN WELCOME GATEWAY HTML CESR CORNELL ELECTRON-POSITRON STORAGE RING MACHINE LOCATED CORNELL UNIVERSITY FUNDED NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION THAT COLLIDES BEAM ELECTRONS BEAM POSITRONS EQUAL ENERGY TOTAL ENERGY ADJUSTABLE FROM MORE INFORMATION HTTP CORNELL PUBLIC CESR CHARMED PARTICLE PARTICLE THAT CONTAINS EXOTIC CHARMED QUARK KNOWN CHARMED PARTICLE CHERENKOV DETECTOR LIGHT TRAVELS MORE SLOWLY MATERIALS SUCH WATER THAN DOES VACUUM PARTICLE TRAVEL FASTER THAN SPEED LIGHT VACUUM PARTICLES THAT TRAVEL FASTER THAN SPEED LIGHT GIVEN MATERIAL EMIT CONE LIGHT SAME THAT OBJECTS EXCEEDING SPEED SOUND EMIT SONIC BOOM DETECTORS THAT THIS LIGHT DETECT SUBATOMIC PARTICLES KNOWN CHERENKOV DETECTORS CLEO THIS EXPERIMENT BASED CESR ACCELERATOR MOST NOTED STUDY B-MESON SYSTEM MORE INFORMATION HTTP CORNELL PUBLIC CLEO CLIC COMPACT LINEAR COLLIDER PROPOSED LINEAR COLLIDER UNDER STUDY INTERNATIONAL GROUP BASED CERN PROPOSAL COLLIDER THAT COULD REACH ENERGIES MORE INFORMATION HTTP CERN CLIC-STUDY CABBIBO-KOBYASHI-MASKAWA MIXING MATRIX MATRIX MIXING ANGLES THAT DESCRIBES MIXING AMONG QUARKS CHARGED KAONS MAIN INJECTOR PROPOSED FIXED TARGET EXPERIMENT TAKE PLACE FERMILAB GOAL MEASURE DECAY CHARGED K-MESONS PIONS NEUTRINOS STUDY PARAMETERS MIXING MATRIX FURTHER INFORMATION FOUND HTTP FNAL PROJECTS WELCOME HTML COMPACT MUON SOLENOID THIS LARGE MULTI-PURPOSE DETECTOR CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION LARGE HADRON COLLIDER GENEVA SWITZERLAND MORE INFORMATION HTTP CMSINFO CERN WELCOME HTML COLOR PROPERTY QUARKS GLUONS GLUONS EXCHANGE COLOR BETWEEN QUARKS OTHER GLUONS THIS PROCESS ORIGIN STRONG FORCE NOTHING WITH COLOR PERCEIVED HUMAN COSMIC RAYS PARTICLES FROM OUTER SPACE THAT CONTINUOUSLY COLLIDING WITH EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE THEY MOSTLY PROTONS WITH SOME NUCLEI ELECTRONS PHOTONS THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH ATMOSPHERE PRODUCE VARIETY PARTICLES INCLUDING PIONS MUONS NEUTRINOS COUPLING CONSTANT PARAMETER THAT DESCRIBES STRENGTH GIVEN FORCE VIOLATION SYMMETRY THAT RELATES PARTICLES ANTI-PARTICLES VIOLATION OCCURS WHEN THERE DIFFERENCE THAT PARTICLES ANTI-PARTICLES INTERACT BELIEVED NECESSARY EXCESS MATTER OVER ANTIMATTER OBSERVE UNIVERSE THIS PHENOMENON CURRENTLY BEING STUDIED DETAIL BABAR BELLE CROSS-SECTION MEASURE LIKELIHOOD GIVEN PROCESS OCCURRING ACCELERATOR IDEA THAT OBJECTS WITH LARGER CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA MORE LIKELY ANOTHER LARGER CROSS-SECTIONS MEAN THAT PROCESS MORE LIKELY OCCUR CROSS-SECTIONS MEASURED BARNS BARN EXTREMELY LARGE CROSS-SECTION PARTICLE PHYSICS MANY INTERESTING CROSS-SECTIONS MEASURED PICOBARNS WHICH EQUAL BARNS DARK ENERGY POORLY UNDERSTOOD NON-LUMINOUS SUBSTANCE THAT EXERTS PRESSURE THAT TENDS ACCELERATE EXPANSION UNIVERSE THIS DARK ENERGY COUNTERACTS GRAVITY'S NATURAL TENDENCY SLOW EXPANSION UNIVERSE PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT UNDERSTAND THIS SUBSTANCE APPEARS MAKE MAJORITY UNIVERSE DARK ENERGY ALSO OFTEN REFERRED COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT DISTINCT FROM DARK MATTER WHICH GRAVITATES SAME ORDINARY MATTER LUMINOUS DARK MATTER ASTRONOMICAL MEASUREMENTS INDICATE THAT LUMINOUS MATTER SUCH MAKES ONLY SMALL PERCENTAGE TOTAL MATTER UNIVERSE MISSING MASS THAT MAKES REMAINDER KNOWN DARK MATTER DECAY EXOTIC PARTICLES PRODUCED ACCELERATORS OFTEN VERY SHORT-LIVED TRANSFORM INTO LIGHTER LESS EXOTIC PRODUCTS SUCH ELECTRONS PHOTONS THIS PROCESS TRANSFORMATION KNOWN DECAY DESY LABORATORY LOCATED HAMBURG GERMANY SITE HERA ACCELERATOR WHICH HOSTS ZEUS EXPERIMENTS MORE INFORMATION HTTP DESY HTML HOME FASTNAVIGATOR HTML DEPARTMENT ENERGY PRINCIPAL FEDERAL AGENCIES SUPPORTING RESEARCH PHYSICAL SCIENCES UNITED STATES THROUGH OFFICE SCIENCE PROVIDES APPROXIMATELY SUPPORT HIGH ENERGY NUCLEAR PHYSICS D-ZERO LARGE MULTI-PURPOSE EXPERIMENTS LOCATED TEVATRON FERMILAB ALONG WITH DISCOVERED QUARK MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-D FNAL DOUBLE BETA DECAY PROCESS WHICH NEUTRON NUCLEUS TRANSFORMS INTO PROTON EMITTING ELECTRON ANTI-NEUTRINO KNOWN BETA DECAY WHEN NEUTRONS UNDERGO THIS TRANSFORMATION SIMULTANEOUSLY PROCESS CALLED DOUBLE BETA-DECAY PARTICULAR INTEREST HYPOTHETICAL PROCESS NEUTRINOLESS DOUBLE BETA DECAY WHICH NEUTRONS TRANSFORM EMITTING ELECTRONS ANTI-NEUTRINOS ELECTRON FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENT MATTER ALONG WITH PROTONS NEUTRONS ELECTRONS BUILDING BLOCKS ATOMS THEY HAVE NEGATIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING ALTHOUGH ELECTROMAGNETISM WEAK FORCE HAVE SAME STRENGTH HIGH ENERGIES ELECTROMAGNETISM MUCH STRONGER THAN WEAK FORCE EVERYDAY EXPERIENCE PROCESS WHICH SINGLE UNIFIED ELECTROWEAK FORCE BECOMES SEPARATE FORCES ELECTROWEAK SYMMETRY BREAKING HIGGS BOSON ELECTROWEAK UNIFICATION THIS THEORY DESCRIBES FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES ELCTROMAGNETISM WEAK INTERACTION RESPONSIBLE NUCLEAR DECAYS SINGLE FORCE HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON VOLT UNIT ENERGY EQUAL AMOUNT KINETIC ENERGY ELECTRON GAINS AFTER BEING ACCELERATED THROUGH ELECTRIC POTENTIAL VOLT ALSO USED UNIT MASS APPLYING EINSTEIN'S RELATION FEMTOBARN BARNS UNIT USED MEASURE CROSS-SECTION INVERSE THIS UNIT USED MEASURE INTEGRATED LUMINOSITY FERMILAB LABORATORY OPERATED DEPARTMENT ENERGY LOCATED BATAVIA ILLINOIS SITE MACHINE THAT CURRENTLY OPERATES HIGHEST ENERGY WORLD TEVATRON MORE INFORMATION HTTP FNAL FERMION TERM PARTICLE WITH HALF-INTEGER SPIN EXAMPLES INCLUDE QUARKS LEPTONS STANDARD MODEL FIXED TARGET EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT WHICH SINGLE ENERGETIC BEAM STRIKES STATIONARY TARGET SUCH BLOCK METAL THIS CONTRASTED WITH COLLIDER EXPERIMENTS WHICH ENERGETIC BEAMS COLLIDE HEAD FLAVOR FLAVOR DIFFERENT MEANINGS LEPTONS LABEL USED DIFFERENTIATE THREE GENERATIONS THAT ELECTRONS MUONS TAUS SAID HAVE DIFFERENT FLAVOR QUARKS LABEL THAT DISCRIMINATES BETWEEN QUARKS DIFFERENT MASSES THERE KNOWN FLAVORS QUARKS DOWN STRANGE CHARM BOTTOM FNAL FERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY FERMILAB GALACTIC HALO REGION DARK MATTER THAT SURROUNDS VISIBLE PORTION GALAXY GAMMA RAYS PHOTONS HIGH ENERGY MOST ENERGETIC FORMS LIGHT KNOWN GAMMA RAYS GAUGE BOSONS PARTICLES THAT CARRRY FORCES STANDARD MODEL ELECTROMAGNETISM PHOTONS WEAK FORCE Z-BOSONS STRONG FORCE GLUONS GAUGINO GENERIC TERM DESCRIBING HYPOTHETICAL SUPERPARTNER GAUGE BOSONS STANDARD MODEL GENERAL RELATIVITY EINSTEIN GENERALIZED THEORY SPECIAL RELATIVITY INCLUDE GRAVITY CALLED GENERAL THEORY RELATIVITY SHOWED THAT APPLES FALL GROUND BECAUSE EARTH'S MASS CURVES ADJACENT SPACE-TIME FORCING APPLES MOVE SPECIAL WAY-TOWARDS SURFACE EARTH PROVED HOWEVER EXTREMELY DIFFICULT UNIFY GENERAL RELATIVITY WITH QUANTUM MECHANICS STRING THEORY CURRENTLY BEST HOPE THEORY QUANTUM GRAVITY GIGA-ELECTRON VOLTS ELECTRON VOLTS GLAST GAMMA LARGE AREA SPACE TELESCOPE SATELLITE-BASED EXPERIMENT THAT SEARCHES GAMMA RAYS MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-GLAST STANFORD GLUONS SPIN-ONE PARTICLE THAT CARRIES STRONG FORCE GLUINO HYPOTHETICAL SUPERPARTNER GLUON GLUINO SPIN GRAN SASSO UNDERGROUND LABORATORY LOCATED NEAR ROME ITALY SITE DARK MATTER DETECTION EXPERIMENTS DOUBLE BETA DECAY EXPERIMENT NEUTRINO DETECTION EXPERIMENTS MORE INFORMATION HTTP LNGS INFN GRAVITATIONAL LENSING ACCORDING EINSTEIN'S THEORY GENERAL RELATIVITY PRESENCE MATTER WARP SPACE-TIME THIS WARPING SPACE AFFECT PATH WHICH LIGHT-RAYS FOLLOW MUCH SAME THAT LENS DOES THIS KNOWN GRAVITATIONAL LENSING GRAVITON AS-YET UNOBSERVED SPIN-TWO PARTICLE THAT CARRIES GRAVITY EXPERIMENT LOCATED DESY LABORATORY USES ELECTRON-PROTON COLLIDER CALLED HERA MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-H DESY HEPAP HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS ADVISORY PANEL COMMITTEE THAT ADVISES DEPARTMENT ENERGY NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION PARTICLE PHYSICS PROGRAM HEPAP SUBPANEL HEPAP APPOINTS SUBPANEL EVERY YEARS HAVE INTENSIVE DETAILED DISCUSSIONS SPECIFIC PROBLEMS THIS SUBPANEL APPOINTED MARCH DISCUSS FUTURE PARTICLE PHYSICS PROGRAM SPECIFIED CHARGE APPENDIX HADRON PARTICLE MADE QUARKS ANTI-QUARKS PROTONS NEUTRONS ANTI-PROTONS EXAMPLES HADRONS HADRON COLLIDER MACHINE THAT ACCELERATES HADRONS HIGH-ENERGIES BEAMS THEN COLLIDES BEAMS HEAD-ON HERA ACCELERATOR LOCATED DESY LABORATORY THAT COLLIDES PROTONS ELECTRONS FURTHER INFORMATION HTTP DESYNTWWW DESY HERA HERA-B EXPERIMENT LOCATED DESY LABORATORY HERA-B USED PROTON BEAM HERA DATA ACQUISITION UNTIL MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-HERA-B DESY HERMES EXPERIMENT LOCATED DESY LABORATORY HERMES USES POLARIZED ELECTRON BEAM HERA MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-HERMES DESY HIDDEN DIMENSIONS HYPOTHETICAL ADDITIONAL DIMENSIONS SPACE-TIME EITHER CLASSICAL DIMENSION WHICH PARTICLES MOVE QUANTUM DIMENSION THAT CONVERTS FORCE PARTICLE INTO MATTER PARTICLE VICE VERSA HIGGS BOSON UNDISCOVERED PARTICLE THAT APPEARS WHEN SUFFICIENT ENERGY IMPARTED HIGGS FIELD HIGGS FIELD HYPOTHETICAL MEDIUM THAT PERMEATES SPACE TIME THOUGHT IMPART MASSES PARTICLES STANDARD MODEL WITHOUT HIGGS FIELD PARTICLES STANDARD MODEL WOULD HAVE MASS HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS BECAUSE PARTICLE PHYSICS OFTEN REQUIRES HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLES PROBE SHORT DISTANCES PARTICLE PHYSICS HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS OFTEN USED INTERCHANGEABLY ACCELERATOR HIRES HIGH RESOLUTION FLY'SEYE COSMIC DETECTOR BASED UTAH THIS DETECTOR ESPECIALLY SENSITIVE HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS MORE INFORMATION HTTP COSMIC-RAY HOMESTAKE FORMER GOLD-MINE LOCATED SOUTH DAKOTA THAT PROPOSED SITE NATIONAL UNDERGROUND SCIENCES LABORATORY THIS MINE ALSO CONTAINED EXPERIMENT THAT FIRST DETECTED SOLAR NEUTRINOS ICECUBE PROPOSED EXTENSION AMANDA EXPERIMENT WILL TIMES LARGER KILOMETER EACH SIDE MORE INFORMATION HTTP SSEC WISC ICECUBE INTEGRATED LUMINOSITY THIS MEASURE TOTAL DATA COLLECTED ACCELERATOR INTENSITY ACCELERATOR SUMMED OVER SOME SPECIFIED TIME PERIOD BARN- INVERSE BARN DATA WILL GIVE EVENT PROCESS THAT CROSS-SECTION BARN PICOBARN- MUCH LARGER AMOUNT DATA WILL GIVE EVENT MUCH RARER PROCESS THAT CROSS-SECTION PICOBARN JLAB JEFFERSON LABORATORY MORE INFORMATION HTTP JLAB JAPAN HADRON FACILITY ACCELERATOR CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION NUCLEAR PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS THAT WILL PRODUCE VERY INTENSE PROTON BEAM ALSO MADE GENERATE INTENSE BEAM NEUTRINOS PROPOSAL EXISTS SUCH BEAM WITH SUPERKAMIOKANDE DETECTOR MORE INFORMATION HTTP NEUTRINO JHFNU JINR JOINT INSTITUTE NUCLEAR RESEARCH DUBNA RUSSIA MORE INFORMATION HTTP JINR JAPANESE LINEAR COLLIDER DEVELOPMENT EFFORT NEXT-GENERATION LINEAR COLLILDER BASED MORE INFORMATION HTTP LCDEV THIS EXPERIMENT AIMS NEUTRINO BEAM FROM ACCELERATOR SUPERKAMIOKANDE DETECTOR SEARCHING NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS MORE INFORMATION HTTP NEUTRINO KAMLAND EXPERIMENT BASED KAMIOKA MINE JAPAN THAT DESIGNED LOOK ANTI-NEUTRINOS PRODUCED NEARBY NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS MORE INFORMATION HTTP TOHOKU HTML KAMLAND INDEX HTML KAONS K-MESON K-MESON THIS NAME MESON THAT CONTAINS EXOTIC STRANGE QUARK EITHER DOWN QUARK THESE PARTICLES ALSO KNOWN KAONS HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS LABORATORY LOCATED NEAR TOKYO JAPAN HOUSES BELLE EXPERIMENT WELL ACCELERATOR USED EXPERIMENT FURTHER INFORMATION HTTP INTRA HTML EXPERIMENT THAT SEARCHES RARE DECAY UNCHARGED K-MESONS INTO NEUTRAL PIONS THIS DECAY PROVIDES VALUABLE INFORMATION ABOUT MIXING MATRIX VIOLATION FURTHER INFORMATION FOUND HTTP PUBWEB USERS INDEX HTML LBNL LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY DEPARTMENT ENERGY FACILITY LOCATED BERKELEY CALIFORNIA WITH BROAD-BASED PROGRAM BASIC APPLIED RESEARCH MORE INFORMATION HTTP LARGE ELECTRON POSITRON COLLIDER THIS COLLIDER OPERATED FROM UNTIL CERN LABORATORY GENEVA SWITZERLAND USED MAKE DETAILED STUDIES WEAK FORCE TUNNEL THAT HOUSED THIS ACCELERATOR WILL HOUSE LEPTON ALONG WITH QUARKS LEPTONS MAKE KNOWN MATTER UNLIKE QUARKS LEPTONS PARTICIPATE STRONG INTERACTIONS NEUTRINOS ELECTRONS COMMON EXAMPLES THERE THREE FLAVORS LEPTONS ELECTRON MUON LEPTON FLAVOR VIOLATION STANDARD MODEL LEPTONS CHANGE FLAVOR EXAMPLE MUON WOULD NEVER TURN INTO ELECTRON THIS WERE OBSERVED WOULD SIGNAL PHYSICS EVIDENCE NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS ALREADY INDICATE THAT LEPTON FLAVOR VIOLATION OCCUR MECO LARGE HADRON COLLIDER PROTON-PROTON COLLIDER UNDER CONSTRUCTION CERN LABORATORY GENEVA SWITZERLAND LINEAR COLLIDER ACCELERATOR THAT ACCELERATES BEAMS CHARGED PARTICLES STRAIGHT LINE THEN COLLIDES THEM HEAD LLNL LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY DEPARTMENT ENERGY FACILITY LOCATED LIVERMORE CALIFORNIA WITH BROAD-BASED PROGRAM BASIC APPLIED RESEARCH MORE INFORMATION HTTP LLNL LSST LARGE-APERTURE SYNOPTIC SURVEY TELESCOPE PROPOSED TELESCOPE WHOSE POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS RANGE FROM STUDY DARK MATTER SEARCHING ASTEROIDS THAT COULD COLLIDE WITH EARTH MORE INFORMATION HTTP LSSTO LSSTO INDEX LUMINOSITY THIS FIGURE MERIT ACCELERATOR QUANTIFIES INTENSITY BEAMS DIRECTLY RELATED NUMBER EVENTS PRODUCED MACHINE MECO MUON ELECTRON CONVERSION EXPERIMENT PROPOSED EXPERIMENT LOOK CONVERSION MUONS ELECTRONS PRESENCE NUCLEI THIS WOULD SIGNAL LEPTON FLAVOR VIOLATION FURTHER INFORMATION AVAILABLE HTTP MECO INDEX HTML MESON HADRON COMPOSED QUARK ANTI-QUARK MEGA-ELECTRON VOLTS ELECTRON VOLTS MINIBOONE MINI- BOOSTER NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT THIS EXPERIMENT BASED FERMILAB REPRESENTS FIRST STAGE BOONE EXPERIMENT SEARCHING OSCILLATIONS BETWEEN MUON ELECTRON NEUTRINOS ENCOURAGING SIGNAL SEEN MINIBOONE CONSTRUCTION BOONE WILL PROCEED MINOS MAIN INJECTOR NEUTRINO OSCILLATION SEARCH EXPERIMENT THAT USES ACCELERATOR FERMILAB SEND BEAM NEUTRINOS SOUDAN MINE SEARCH OSCILLATION MUON NEUTRINOS MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-NUMI FNAL MIXING ANGLES PARTICLE GIVEN FLAVOR SOMETIMES TRANSFORMS INTO SIMILAR PARTICLE DIFFERENT FLAVOR PARAMETERS THAT QUANTIFY LIKELY THIS OCCUR KNOWN MIXING ANGLES MAJOR RESEARCH EQUIPMENT ACCOUNT CREATED NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION FUNDING CONSTRUCTION LARGE CUTTING-EDGE RESEARCH FACILITIES MUON FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLE IDENTICAL ELECTRON APPROXIMATELY TIMES HEAVIER COMMONLY FOUND COSMIC RAYS NEUTRALINO HYPOTHETICAL ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL SUPERSYMMETRIC PARTICLE SUPERPARTNERS PHOTON Z-BOSON HIGGS BOSON ACTUALLY BLENDED TOGETHER THESE PARTICLES CALLED NEUTRALINOS NEUTRINO UNCHARGED WEAKLY INTERACTING LEPTON MOST COMMONLY PRODUCED NUCLEAR REACTIONS SUCH THOSE THERE THREE KNOWN FLAVORS NEUTRINO CORRESPONDING THREE FLAVORS LEPTONS RECENT EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS INDICATE THAT NEUTRINOS HAVE TINY MASSES NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS NEUTRINOS HAVE MASS POSSIBLE THEM CONVERT FROM FLAVOR ANOTHER BACK AGAIN THIS PROCESS KNOWN NEUTRINO OSCILLATION NEUTRINOS OSCILLATE FROM FLAVOR THAT DETECTABLE INTO FLAVOR THAT MORE DIFFICULT DETECT APPEAR THAT NEUTRINOS HAVE DISAPPEARED THIS POSSIBLE SOLUTION SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM NEUTRON CONSTITUENTS ATOMS ALONG WITH PROTON NEUTRON FOUND NUCLEI CENTERS ATOMS NEUTRONS HAVE ELECTRIC CHARGE COMPOSED DOWN QUARKS QUARK NEXT LINEAR COLLIDER PROPOSAL NEXT-GENERATION LINEAR COLLIDER MADE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION BASED SLAC MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-PROJECT SLAC STANFORD HTML NSAC NUCLEAR SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE THAT REPORTS DEPARTMENT ENERGY NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION PRINCIPAL FEDERAL AGENCIES SUPPORTING RESEARCH PHYSICAL SCIENCES UNITED STATES THROUGH DIVISION PHYSICS PROVIDES APPROXIMATELY SUPPORT UNIVERSITY HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS PROGRAM NUMI NEUTRINOS MAIN INJECTOR PROJECT FERMILAB CONSTRUCT BEAM NEUTRINOS MINOS EXPERIMENT PHYSICS ADVISORY COMMITTEE EACH ACCELERATOR LABORATORY CONDUCT RIGOROUS REVIEWS PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS ADVISE LABORATORY DIRECTOR LABORATORY'S PROGRAM PARITY PROCESS EQUALLY PROBABLE WHEN COORDINATES SPACE REFLECTED MIRROR SAID HAVE PARITY SYMMETRY PARTON CONSTITUENTS PROTONS NEUTRONS QUARKS GLUONS ANTI-QUARKS THEY COLLECTIVELY KNOWN PARTONS PARTON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS THESE FUNCTIONS PARAMETERIZE COMPOSITION QUARKS ANTI-QUARKS GLUONS VARIOUS HADRONS THEY DESCRIBE PROBABILITY FINDING GIVEN CONSTITUENT WITH GIVEN MOMENTUM PICOBARN BARNS UNIT USED MEASURE CROSS-SECTION INVERSE THIS UNIT USED MEASURE INTEGRATED LUMINOSITY ELECTRON-POSITRON COLLIDER SITED SLAC WHERE BABAR EXPERIMENT LOCATED PHENIX EXPERIMENT BASED BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY MORE INFORMATION HTTP PHENIX PHOTON GAUGE BOSON THAT MEDIATES FORCE ELECTROMAGNETISM PHOTON QUANTUM LIGHT PIERRE AUGER OBSERVATORY DETECTOR CURRENTLY UNDER CONSTRUCTION ARGENTINA THAT WILL USED STUDY HIGHEST ENERGY COSMIC RAYS MORE INFORMATION HTTP AUGER PIONS PIONS LIGHTEST MESONS THEY COMPOSED QUARKS DOWN QUARKS THEIR ANTI-QUARK COUNTERPARTS PIONS CHARGE DENOTED RESPECTIVELY POSITRON ANTI-MATTER PARTNER ELECTRON IDENTICAL RESPECTS ELECTRON POSITIVE CHARGE COLLISIONS COLLISIONS BETWEEN PROTONS PROTON CONSTITUENTS ATOMS ALONG WITH NEUTRON PROTON FOUND NUCLEI CENTERS ATOMS PROTONS HAVE POSITIVE ELECTRIC CHARGE COMPOSED QUARKS DOWN QUARK QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS THEORY STRONG INTERACTION DESCRIBES EXCHANGE GLUONS BETWEEN QUARKS QUANTUM DIMENSIONS UNDISCOVERED DIMENSIONS SPACE-TIME THAT CONVERT FORCE PARTICLES MATTER PARTICLES VICE VERSA SUCH DIMENSIONS PREDICTED THEORIES WITH SUPERSYMMETRY SUPERSTRINGS PAIR PARTICLES THAT CONVERTED INTO EACH OTHER CALLED SUPERPARTNERS QUANTUM GRAVITY VERY SMALL DISTANCES PRINCIPLES QUANTUM MECHANICS NECESSARY ACCURATELY DESCRIBE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA DEVELOPING THEORY THAT INCORPORATES BOTH PRINCIPLES QUANTUM MECHANICS GRAVITY THEORY QUANTUM GRAVITY PROVEN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT STRING THEORY FIRST REAL HOPE PROVIDING SUCH THEORY QUANTUM MECHANICS MICROSCOPIC SYSTEMS PARTICLES SUCH ELECTRONS PROTONS BEHAVE LIKE WAVES QUANTUM MECHANICS REPLACES MORE FAMILIAR NEWTONIAN MECHANICS DESCRIBE SUCH PHENOMENA QUANTUM NUMBERS NAME GIVEN LABELS THAT DESCRIBE VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS ELEMENTARY PARTICLES ATOMS MOLECULES EXAMPLES INCLUDE CHARGE SPIN PARTICLE QUARK FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS MATTER THESE PARTICLES POSSES SPIN THEY COME FLAVORS DOWN STRANGE CHARM BOTTOM ONLY DOWN QUARKS COMMONLY FOUND OUTSIDE ACCELERATORS PROTONS NEUTRONS COMPOSED DOWN QUARKS RHIC RELATIVISTIC HEAVY COLLIDER EXPERIMENT BASED BROOKHAVEN NATIONAL LABORATORY MORE INFORMATION HTTP RHIC TERM DESCRIBING CURRENT DATA COLLECTION FERMILAB TEVATRON GOAL COLLECT ROUGHLY TIMES MORE DATA THAN FIRST WHEN QUARK DISCOVERED RUTHERFORD APPLETON LABORATORY LOCATED OXFORDSHIRE UNITED KINGDOM THIS LABORATORY BROAD-BASED RESEARCH PROGRAM THAT INCLUDES INVESTIGATIONS NUCLEAR PARTICLE PHYSICS MORE INFORMATION HTTP SAGENAP SCIENTIFIC ASSESSMENT GROUP EXPERIMENTS NON-ACCELERATOR PHYSICS COMMITTEE THAT REPORTS DEPARTMENT ENERGY NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION SFERMION SUPERPARTNER FERMION SLAC STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER LOCATED MENLO PARK CALIFORNIA THIS DEPARTMENT ENERGY LABORATORY SITE BABAR EXPERIMENT MORE INFORMATION HTTP SLAC STANFORD STANFORD LINEAR COLLIDER THIS ACCELERATOR LOCATED SLAC SITE COMPLETED USED STUDY Z-BOSON DETAIL SNAP SUPERNOVA ACCELERATION PROBE PROPOSED SATELLITE-BASED EXPERIMENT FINDING STUDYING SUPERNOVAE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH SUPERNOVAE HAVE PROVED USEFUL STUDYING DARK ENERGY MORE INFORMATION HTTP SNAP SUDBURY NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY THIS EXPERIMENT LOCATED BENEATH SURFACE ACTIVE NICKEL MINE SUDBURY ONTARIO CURRENTLY SEARCHING NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS ATTEMPT DISENTANGLE SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM MORE INFORMATION HTTP QUEENSU SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM NUMBER NEUTRINOS OBSERVED COMING FROM MUCH LESS THAN NUMBER PREDICTED BASED UNDERSTANDING SUN'S INNER WORKINGS THIS DISCREPANCY KNOWN SOLAR NEUTRINO PROBLEM REASONS BELIEVE THAT THERE NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS SPACE-TIME SPECIAL RELATIVITY SPECIAL RELATIVITY EINSTEIN DISCOVERED THAT TIME SPACE INTERCONNECTED HEIGHT WIDTH LENGTH TIME MAKE DIMENSIONS SPACE-TIME FAMOUS EQUATION CONSEQUENCE THIS THEORY SPIN NUMBER THAT LABELS INTRINSIC ANGULAR MOMENTUM PARTICLE ESSENTIALLY MUCH PARTICLE ROTATES AROUND AXIS THIS NUMBER ONLY TAKE DISCRETE VALUES PARTICLES WITH DIFFERENT SPINS WILL INTERACT DIFFERENT WAYS ELECTRONS HAVE SPIN WHILE PHOTONS HAVE SPIN SQUARK HYPOTHETICAL SPIN-ZERO SUPERPARTNER QUARK STRING THEORY THEORY THAT SEEKS INCORPORATE QUANTUM THEORY GRAVITY INTO STANDARD MODEL THIS THEORY FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS MATTER PARTICLES STRINGS PARTICLES THAT OBSERVED MANIFESTATIONS VIBRATIONS FUNDAMENTAL STRINGS STRONG FORCE FOUR KNOWN FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OTHERS WEAK FORCE ELECTROMAGNETISM GRAVITY STRONG FORCE FELT ONLY QUARKS GLUONS RESPONSIBLE BINDING QUARKS TOGETHER MAKE HADRONS EXAMPLE QUARKS DOWN QUARK BOUND TOGETHER MAKE PROTON STRONG INTERACTION ALSO RESPONSIBLE HOLDING PROTONS NEUTRONS TOGETHER ATOMIC NUCLEI SUPERKAMIOKANDE THIS EXPERIMENT LOCATED KAMIOKA MINE JAPAN SUCCESSOR SMALLER KAMIOKANDE EXPERIMENT SUPERKAMIOKANDE PROVIDED COMPELLING EVIDENCE NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS NEUTRINOS CREATED COSMIC RAYS BOMBARDING EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE MORE INFORMATION HTTP WWW-SK ICRR U-TOKYO SUPERNOVA WHEN STAR EXHAUSTS NUCLEAR FUEL UNDER GOES CATASTROPHIC COLLAPSE RESULTING EXPLOSION KNOWN SUPERNOVA OFTEN BRIGHTER THAN ENTIRE GALAXY SUPERPARTICLE SUPERSYMMETRY PREDICTS EXISTENCE SUPERPARTNERS STANDARD MODEL PARTICLES THESE TYPES PARTICLES SUPERPARTICLES WOULD REPRESENT QUANTUM DIMENSION SUPERPARTNER SUPERPARTICLE SUPERSYMMETRY HYPOTHETICAL SYMMETRY RELATING PARTICLES DIFFERENT SPINS UNDER THIS SYMMETRY MATTER PARTICLES SPIN ONE-HALF FERMIONS RELATED FORCE PARTICLES SPIN-ZERO SPIN-ONE BOSONS SUPERSTRINGS WHEN SUPERSYMMETRY IMPOSED STRING THEORY BECOMES SUPERSTRING THEORY FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUENTS THIS THEORY KNOWN SUPERSTRINGS SYMMETRY PHYSICISTS SYMMETRIES RESTRICT POSSIBLE THEORIES FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES ANALOGY CONSIDER HUMAN FACE WERE ABLE ONLY RIGHT SIDE PERSON'S FACE WOULD STILL ABLE GUESS WHAT OTHER SIDE FACE LOOKS LIKE BECAUSE SYMMETRY THAT BODIES POSSESS OTHER SIDE FACE CANNOT LOOK LIKE JUST ANYTHING KNOW WHAT LOOKS LIKE-BECAUSE SYMMETRY SIMILARLY SYMMETRIES OBSERVED NATURE LIMIT WHAT THEORIES LOOK LIKE SYNCHROTRON RADIATION WHEN CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATED EMITS LIGHT KNOWN SYNCHROTRON RADIATION THIS RADIATION USED PROBE STRUCTURE MATERIALS BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES TERAFLOPS TRILLION FLOATING POINT OPERATIONS SECONDS TESLA ENERGY SUPERCONDUCTING LINEAR ACCELERATOR PROPOSAL NEXT-GENERATION LINEAR COLLIDER MADE INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION BASED DESY FURTHER INFORMATION HTTP TESLA DESY TERA-ELECTRON VOLTS ELECTRON VOLTS TEVATRON PROTON ANTI-PROTON COLLIDER THAT OPERATES FERMILAB BATAVIA ILLINOIS QUARK DISCOVERED USING THIS ACCELERATOR TRILINEAR COUPLING STRENGTH INTERACTION INVOLVING THREE PARTICLES CASE WHERE THREE PARTICLES IDENTICAL KNOWN TRILINEAR SELF-COUPLING UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE WORLD QUANTUM MECHANICS THERE INTRINSIC UNCERTAINTY STUDYING POSITION MOMENTUM PARTICLE SAME TIME THIS MEANS STUDYING PHYSICS SMALL DISTANCES WHERE ACCURATE DETERMINATION POSITION NEEDED REQUIRES HIGH MOMENTUM HENCE HIGH ENERGY UNDERGROUND NUCLEON DECAY NEUTRINO OBSERVATORY PROPOSED CHERENKOV DETECTOR EXPERIMENT SEARCH PROTON DECAY NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS VERITAS VERY ENERGETIC RADIATION IMAGING TELESCOPE ARRAY SYSTEM PROPOSED EXPERIMENT BASED ARIZONA DESERT THAT WILL STUDY GAMMA RAYS SLIGHTLY HIGHER ENERGY THAN GLAST EXPERIMENT MORE INFORMATION HTTP VERITAS ARIZONA VETO DETECTOR VETO DETECTOR USED ELIMINATING POSSIBLE FALSE SIGNALS EXPERIMENT WHEN FALSE SIGNAL NOTABLE FEATURE VETO DETECTOR BUILT LOOK THAT FEATURE THIS WHEN VETO DETECTOR REGISTERS SIGNAL DATA ASSOCIATED WITH THAT SIGNAL FLAGGED REMOVED FROM SUBSEQUENT ANALYSIS WEAK FORCE THIS FORCE CARRIED HEAVY PARTICLES KNOWN W-BOSON Z-BOSON MOST COMMON MANIFESTATION THIS FORCE BETA DECAY WHICH NEUTRON NUCLEUS TRANSFORMED INTO PROTON EMITTING ELECTRON NEUTRINO WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT VERY WEAK INTERACTION THAT INDEPENDENT ELECTRIC CHARGE PARTICLE PARTICLES EXCHANGE ENERGY THROUGH THIS MECHANISM OTHER CHARACTERISTICS PARTICLES REMAIN UNCHANGED THIS FORCE MEDIATED Z-BOSON WIMP WEAKLY INTERACTING MASSIVE PARTICLE THESE UNDISCOVERED PARTICLES LEADING CANDIDATE DARK MATTER WIPP WASTE ISOLATION PILOT PROGRAM THIS UNDERGROUND CAVERN LOCATED CARLSBAD MEXICO STORAGE SITE NUCLEAR WASTE ALSO PROPOSED LOCATION NATIONAL UNDERGROUND SCIENCES LABORATORY Z-BOSON GAUGE BOSON WITH ELECTRIC CHARGE MEDIATES WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENT STUDIED SPECTACULAR DETAILED EXPERIMENTS ZEUS EXPERIMENT LOCATED DESY LABORATORY ZEUS USES ELECTRON-PROTON COLLIDER CALLED HERA MORE INFORMATION

Thanks to unatco for these words.

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