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RANDOMNESS SUGGESTS NON-ORDER NON-COHERENCE SEQUENCE SYMBOLS STEPS SUCH THAT THERE INTELLIGIBLE PATTERN COMBINATION APPLIED USAGE SCIENCE MATHEMATICS STATISTICS RECOGNIZES LACK PREDICTABILITY WHEN REFERRING RANDOMNESS ADMITS REGULARITIES OCCURRENCES EVENTS WHOSE OUTCOMES CERTAIN EXAMPLE WHEN THROWING DICE COUNTING TOTAL THAT WILL RANDOMLY OCCUR TWICE OFTEN THIS VIEW WHERE RANDOMNESS SIMPLY REFERS SITUATIONS WHERE CERTAINTY OUTCOME ISSUE APPLIES CONCEPTS CHANCE PROBABILITY INFORMATION ENTROPY THESE SITUATIONS RANDOMNESS IMPLIES MEASURE UNCERTAINTY NOTIONS HAPHAZARDNESS IRRELEVANT FIELDS MATHEMATICS PROBABILITY STATISTICS FORMAL DEFINITIONS RANDOMNESS STATISTICS RANDOM VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT NUMERICAL VALUE EACH POSSIBLE OUTCOME EVENT SPACE THIS ASSOCIATION FACILITATES IDENTIFICATION CALCULATION PROBABILITIES EVENTS RANDOM PROCESS SEQUENCE RANDOM VARIABLES DESCRIBING PROCESS WHOSE OUTCOMES FOLLOW DETERMINISTIC PATTERN FOLLOW EVOLUTION DESCRIBED PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS THESE OTHER CONSTRUCTS EXTREMELY USEFUL PROBABILITY THEORY RANDOMNESS OFTEN USED STATISTICS SIGNIFY WELL-DEFINED STATISTICAL PROPERTIES MONTE CARLO METHODS WHICH RELY RANDOM INPUT IMPORTANT TECHNIQUES SCIENCE INSTANCE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE RANDOM SELECTION METHOD SELECTING ITEMS OFTENTIMES CALLED UNITS FROM POPULATION WHERE PROBABILITY CHOOSING SPECIFIC ITEM PROPORTION THOSE ITEMS POPULATION EXAMPLE HAVE BOWL MARBLES WITH MARBLE INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM OTHER MARBLE BLUE BLUE MARBLE INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM OTHER BLUE MARBLE RANDOM SELECTION MECHANISM WOULD CHOOSE MARBLE WITH PROBABILITY NOTE THAT RANDOM SELECTION MECHANISM THAT SELECTED MARBLES FROM THIS BOWL WOULD NECESSARILY RESULT BLUE SITUATIONS WHERE POPULATION CONSISTS ITEMS THAT DISTINGUISHABLE RANDOM SELECTION MECHANISM REQUIRES EQUAL PROBABILITIES ITEM CHOSEN THAT SECTION PROCESS SUCH THAT EACH MEMBER POPULATION RESEARCH SUBJECTS SAME PROBABILITY BEING CHOSEN THEN SELECTION PROCESS RANDOM RANDOM SELECTION OFFICIAL METHOD RESOLVE TIED ELECTIONS SOME JURISDICTIONS EVEN ANCIENT METHOD DIVINATION TAROT CHING BIBLIOMANCY POLITICS VERY OFFICE HOLDERS ANCIENT ATHENS WERE CHOSEN THERE BEING VOTING CONTENTS HIDE HISTORY RANDOMNESS SCIENCE PHYSICAL SCIENCES BIOLOGY MATHEMATICS STATISTICS INFORMATION SCIENCE FINANCE RANDOMNESS VERSUS UNPREDICTABILITY RANDOMNESS RELIGION APPLICATIONS RANDOMNESS GENERATING RANDOMNESS RANDOMNESS MEASURES TESTS MISCONCEPTIONS LOGICAL FALLACIES NUMBER NUMBER CURSED BLESSED ODDS NEVER DYNAMIC BOOKS ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS HISTORYMAIN ARTICLE HISTORY RANDOMNESS ANCIENT FRESCO DICE PLAYERS POMPEI ANCIENT HISTORY CONCEPTS CHANCE RANDOMNESS WERE INTERTWINED WITH THAT FATE MANY ANCIENT PEOPLES THREW DICE DETERMINE FATE THIS LATER EVOLVED INTO GAMES CHANCE MOST ANCIENT CULTURES USED VARIOUS METHODS DIVINATION ATTEMPT CIRCUMVENT RANDOMNESS FATE CHINESE WERE PERHAPS EARLIEST PEOPLE FORMALIZE ODDS CHANCE YEARS GREEK PHILOSOPHERS DISCUSSED RANDOMNESS LENGTH ONLY NON-QUANTITATIVE FORMS ONLY SIXTEENTH CENTURY THAT ITALIAN MATHEMATICIANS BEGAN FORMALIZE ODDS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS GAMES CHANCE INVENTION CALCULUS POSITIVE IMPACT FORMAL STUDY RANDOMNESS EDITION BOOK LOGIC CHANCE JOHN VENN WROTE CHAPTER CONCEPTION RANDOMNESS THAT INCLUDED VIEW RANDOMNESS DIGITS NUMBER USING THEM CONSTRUCT RANDOM WALK DIMENSIONS EARLY PART TWENTIETH CENTURY RAPID GROWTH FORMAL ANALYSIS RANDOMNESS VARIOUS APPROACHES MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATIONS PROBABILITY WERE INTRODUCED MID- LATE-TWENTIETH CENTURY IDEAS ALGORITHMIC INFORMATION THEORY INTRODUCED DIMENSIONS FIELD CONCEPT ALGORITHMIC RANDOMNESS ALTHOUGH RANDOMNESS OFTEN BEEN VIEWED OBSTACLE NUISANCE MANY CENTURIES TWENTIETH CENTURY COMPUTER SCIENTISTS BEGAN REALIZE THAT DELIBERATE INTRODUCTION RANDOMNESS INTO COMPUTATIONS EFFECTIVE TOOL DESIGNING BETTER ALGORITHMS SOME CASES SUCH RANDOMIZED ALGORITHMS OUTPERFORM BEST DETERMINISTIC METHODS RANDOMNESS SCIENCEMANY SCIENTIFIC FIELDS CONCERNED WITH RANDOMNESS ALGORITHMIC PROBABILITY CHAOS THEORY CRYPTOGRAPHY GAME THEORY INFORMATION THEORY PATTERN RECOGNITION PROBABILITY THEORY QUANTUM MECHANICS STATISTICAL MECHANICS STATISTICS PHYSICAL SCIENCESIN CENTURY SCIENTISTS USED IDEA RANDOM MOTIONS MOLECULES DEVELOPMENT STATISTICAL MECHANICS EXPLAIN PHENOMENA THERMODYNAMICS PROPERTIES GASES ACCORDING SEVERAL STANDARD INTERPRETATIONS QUANTUM MECHANICS MICROSCOPIC PHENOMENA OBJECTIVELY RANDOM THAT EXPERIMENT THAT CONTROLS CAUSALLY RELEVANT PARAMETERS SOME ASPECTS OUTCOME STILL VARY RANDOMLY EXAMPLE PLACE SINGLE UNSTABLE ATOM CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CANNOT PREDICT LONG WILL TAKE ATOM DECAY—BUT ONLY PROBABILITY DECAY GIVEN TIME THUS QUANTUM MECHANICS DOES SPECIFY OUTCOME INDIVIDUAL EXPERIMENTS ONLY PROBABILITIES HIDDEN VARIABLE THEORIES INCONSISTENT WITH VIEW THAT NATURE CONTAINS IRREDUCIBLE RANDOMNESS SUCH THEORIES POSIT THAT PROCESSES THAT APPEAR RANDOM PROPERTIES WITH CERTAIN STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION SOMEHOW WORK BEHIND SCENES DETERMINING OUTCOME EACH CASE BIOLOGYTHE MODERN EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS ASCRIBES OBSERVED DIVERSITY LIFE NATURAL SELECTION WHICH SOME RANDOM GENETIC MUTATIONS RETAINED GENE POOL SYSTEMATICALLY IMPROVED CHANCE SURVIVAL REPRODUCTION THAT THOSE MUTATED GENES CONFER INDIVIDUALS POSSESS THEM CHARACTERISTICS ORGANISM ARISE SOME EXTENT DETERMINISTICALLY UNDER INFLUENCE GENES ENVIRONMENT SOME EXTENT RANDOMLY EXAMPLE DENSITY FRECKLES THAT APPEAR PERSON'S SKIN CONTROLLED GENES EXPOSURE LIGHT WHEREAS EXACT LOCATION INDIVIDUAL FRECKLES SEEMS RANDOM RANDOMNESS IMPORTANT ANIMAL BEHAVE THAT UNPREDICTABLE OTHERS INSTANCE INSECTS FLIGHT TEND MOVE ABOUT WITH RANDOM CHANGES DIRECTION MAKING DIFFICULT PURSUING PREDATORS PREDICT THEIR TRAJECTORIES MATHEMATICSTHE MATHEMATICAL THEORY PROBABILITY AROSE FROM ATTEMPTS FORMULATE MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS CHANCE EVENTS ORIGINALLY CONTEXT GAMBLING LATER CONNECTION WITH PHYSICS STATISTICS USED INFER UNDERLYING PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION COLLECTION EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS PURPOSES SIMULATION NECESSARY HAVE LARGE SUPPLY RANDOM NUMBERS MEANS GENERATE THEM DEMAND ALGORITHMIC INFORMATION THEORY STUDIES AMONG OTHER TOPICS WHAT CONSTITUTES RANDOM SEQUENCE CENTRAL IDEA THAT STRING BITS RANDOM ONLY SHORTER THAN COMPUTER PROGRAM THAT PRODUCE THAT STRING KOLMOGOROV RANDOMNESS —THIS MEANS THAT RANDOM STRINGS THOSE THAT CANNOT COMPRESSED PIONEERS THIS FIELD INCLUDE ANDREY KOLMOGOROV STUDENT MARTIN-LöF SOLOMONOFF GREGORY CHAITIN MATHEMATICS THERE MUST INFINITE EXPANSION INFORMATION RANDOMNESS EXIST THIS BEST SEEN WITH EXAMPLE GIVEN RANDOM SEQUENCE THREE-BIT NUMBERS EACH NUMBER HAVE ONLY EIGHT POSSIBLE VALUES THEREFORE RANDOM SEQUENCE PROGRESSES MUST RECYCLE PREVIOUS VALUES INCREASE INFORMATION SPACE ANOTHER ADDED EACH POSSIBLE NUMBER GIVING POSSIBLE VALUES FROM WHICH PICK RANDOM NUMBER COULD SAID THAT RANDOM FOUR-BIT NUMBER SEQUENCE MORE RANDOM THAN THREE-BIT THIS SUGGESTS THAT TRUE RANDOMNESS REQUIRES INFINITE EXPANSION INFORMATION SPACE RANDOMNESS OCCURS NUMBERS SUCH DECIMAL DIGITS CONSTITUTE INFINITE SEQUENCE NEVER REPEAT CYCLICAL FASHION NUMBERS LIKE ALSO CONSIDERED LIKELY NORMAL WHICH MEANS THEIR DIGITS RANDOM CERTAIN STATISTICAL SENSE CERTAINLY SEEMS BEHAVE THIS FIRST BILLION DECIMAL PLACES EACH DIGITS FROM THROUGH SHOWS ABOUT HUNDRED MILLION TIMES SUCH RESULTS CONCEIVABLY ACCIDENTAL PROVE NORMALITY EVEN BASE MUCH LESS NORMALITY OTHER NUMBER BASES STATISTICSIN STATISTICS RANDOMNESS COMMONLY USED CREATE SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLES THIS LETS SURVEYS COMPLETELY RANDOM GROUPS PEOPLE PROVIDE REALISTIC DATA COMMON METHODS DOING THIS INCLUDE DRAWING NAMES USING RANDOM DIGIT CHART RANDOM DIGIT CHART SIMPLY LARGE TABLE RANDOM DIGITS INFORMATION SCIENCEIN INFORMATION SCIENCE IRRELEVANT MEANINGLESS DATA CONSIDERED NOISE NOISE CONSISTS LARGE NUMBER TRANSIENT DISTURBANCES WITH STATISTICALLY RANDOMIZED TIME DISTRIBUTION COMMUNICATION THEORY RANDOMNESS SIGNAL CALLED NOISE OPPOSED THAT COMPONENT VARIATION THAT CAUSALLY ATTRIBUTABLE SOURCE SIGNAL TERMS DEVELOPMENT RANDOM NETWORKS COMMUNICATION RANDOMNESS RESTS SIMPLE ASSUMPTIONS PAUL ALFRéD RéNYI SAID THAT THERE WERE FIXED NUMBER NODES THIS NUMBER REMAINED FIXED LIFE NETWORK THAT NODES WERE EQUAL LINKED RANDOMLY EACH OTHER CLARIFICATION NEEDED FINANCETHE RANDOM WALK HYPOTHESIS CONSIDERS THAT ASSET PRICES ORGANIZED MARKET EVOLVE RANDOM SENSE THAT EXPECTED VALUE THEIR CHANGE ZERO ACTUAL VALUE TURN POSITIVE NEGATIVE MORE GENERALLY ASSET PRICES INFLUENCED VARIETY UNPREDICTABLE EVENTS GENERAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT RANDOMNESS VERSUS UNPREDICTABILITYRANDOMNESS OPPOSED UNPREDICTABILITY OBJECTIVE PROPERTY DETERMINISTS BELIEVE OBJECTIVE FACT THAT RANDOMNESS DOES FACT EXIST ALSO WHAT APPEARS RANDOM OBSERVER APPEAR RANDOM ANOTHER CONSIDER OBSERVERS SEQUENCE BITS WHEN ONLY WHOM CRYPTOGRAPHIC NEEDED TURN SEQUENCE BITS INTO READABLE MESSAGE THAT OBSERVER MESSAGE RANDOM UNPREDICTABLE OTHER INTRIGUING ASPECTS RANDOM PROCESSES THAT HARD KNOW WHETHER PROCESS TRULY RANDOM OBSERVER SUSPECT THAT THERE SOME THAT UNLOCKS MESSAGE THIS FOUNDATIONS SUPERSTITION ALSO MOTIVATION DISCOVERY SCIENCE MATHEMATICS UNDER COSMOLOGICAL HYPOTHESIS DETERMINISM THERE RANDOMNESS UNIVERSE ONLY UNPREDICTABILITY SINCE THERE ONLY POSSIBLE OUTCOME EVENTS UNIVERSE FOLLOWER NARROW FREQUENCY INTERPRETATION PROBABILITY COULD ASSERT THAT EVENT SAID HAVE PROBABILITY SINCE THERE ONLY UNIVERSAL OUTCOME UNDER RIVAL BAYESIAN INTERPRETATION PROBABILITY THERE OBJECTION USING PROBABILITIES REPRESENT LACK COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OUTCOMES SOME MATHEMATICALLY DEFINED SEQUENCES SUCH DECIMALS MENTIONED ABOVE EXHIBIT SOME SAME CHARACTERISTICS RANDOM SEQUENCES BECAUSE THEY GENERATED DESCRIBABLE MECHANISM THEY CALLED PSEUDORANDOM OBSERVER DOES KNOW MECHANISM PSEUDORANDOM SEQUENCE UNPREDICTABLE CHAOTIC SYSTEMS UNPREDICTABLE PRACTICE THEIR EXTREME SENSITIVITY INITIAL CONDITIONS WHETHER THEY UNPREDICTABLE TERMS COMPUTABILITY THEORY SUBJECT CURRENT RESEARCH LEAST SOME DISCIPLINES COMPUTABILITY THEORY NOTION RANDOMNESS IDENTIFIED WITH COMPUTATIONAL UNPREDICTABILITY INDIVIDUAL EVENTS THAT RANDOM STILL PRECISELY DESCRIBED MASSE USUALLY TERMS PROBABILITY EXPECTED VALUE INSTANCE QUANTUM MECHANICS ALLOWS VERY PRECISE CALCULATION HALF-LIVES ATOMS EVEN THOUGH PROCESS ATOMIC DECAY RANDOM MORE SIMPLY ALTHOUGH SINGLE TOSS FAIR COIN CANNOT PREDICTED GENERAL BEHAVIOR DESCRIBED SAYING THAT LARGE NUMBER TOSSES MADE ROUGHLY HALF THEM WILL SHOW HEADS OHM'S KINETIC THEORY GASES NON-RANDOM MACROSCOPIC PHENOMENA THAT ASSUMED RANDOM MICROSCOPIC LEVEL RANDOMNESS RELIGIONSOME THEOLOGIANS HAVE ATTEMPTED RESOLVE APPARENT CONTRADICTION BETWEEN OMNISCIENT DEITY FIRST CAUSE FREE WILL DETERMINISM USING RANDOMNESS DISCORDIANS HAVE STRONG BELIEF RANDOMNESS UNPREDICTABILITY HINDU BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHIES STATE THAT EVENT RESULT PREVIOUS EVENTS KARMA SUCH THERE SUCH THING RANDOM EVENT FIRST EVENT MARTIN LUTHER FOREFATHER PROTESTANTISM BELIEVED THAT THERE NOTHING RANDOM BASED UNDERSTANDING BIBLE OUTCOME UNDERSTANDING RANDOMNESS STRONGLY FELT THAT FREE WILL LIMITED LOW-LEVEL DECISION MAKING HUMANS THEREFORE WHEN SOMEONE SINS AGAINST ANOTHER DECISION MAKING ONLY LIMITED RESPONDS PREFERABLY THROUGH FORGIVENESS LOVING ACTIONS BELIEVED BASED BIBLICAL SCRIPTURE THAT HUMANS CANNOT WILL THEMSELVES FAITH SALVATION SANCTIFICATION OTHER GIFTS FROM ADDITIONALLY BEST PEOPLE COULD ACCORDING UNDERSTANDING THEY FALL SHORT FREE WILL CANNOT ACHIEVE THIS OBJECTIVE THUS VIEW ABSOLUTE FREE WILL UNBOUNDED RANDOMNESS SEVERELY LIMITED POINT THAT BEHAVIORS EVEN PATTERNED ORDERED RANDOM THIS POINT EMPHASIZED FIELD BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGY THESE NOTIONS MORE CHRISTIANITY OFTEN LEND HIGHLY DETERMINISTIC WORLDVIEW THAT CONCEPT RANDOM EVENTS POSSIBLE ESPECIALLY PURPOSE PART THIS UNIVERSE THEN RANDOMNESS DEFINITION POSSIBLE THIS ALSO RATIONALES RELIGIOUS OPPOSITION EVOLUTION WHERE ACCORDING THEORY NON-RANDOM SELECTION APPLIED RESULTS RANDOM GENETIC VARIATION DONALD KNUTH STANFORD COMPUTER SCIENTIST CHRISTIAN COMMENTATOR REMARKS THAT FINDS PSEUDORANDOM NUMBERS USEFUL APPLIES THEM WITH PURPOSE THEN EXTENDS THIS THOUGHT RANDOMNESS WITH PURPOSE ALLOW FREE WILL CERTAIN DEGREES KNUTH BELIEVES THAT INTERESTED PEOPLE'S DECISIONS LIMITED FREE WILL ALLOWS CERTAIN DEGREE DECISION MAKING KNUTH BASED UNDERSTANDING QUANTUM COMPUTING ENTANGLEMENT COMMENTS THAT EXERTS DYNAMIC CONTROL OVER WORLD WITHOUT VIOLATING LAWS PHYSICS SUGGESTING THAT WHAT APPEARS RANDOM HUMANS FACT RANDOM LEWIS TH-CENTURY CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHER DISCUSSED FREE WILL LENGTH MATTER HUMAN WILL LEWIS WROTE WILLED FREE WILL ANGELS SPITE KNOWLEDGE THAT COULD LEAD SOME CASES THENCE SUFFERING THOUGHT FREEDOM WORTH CREATING EVEN THAT PRICE RADIO BROADCAST LEWIS INDICATED THAT GAVE HUMANS FREE WILL GAVE THEM FREE WILL BECAUSE WORLD MERE AUTOMATA COULD NEVER LOVE SOME CONTEXTS PROCEDURES THAT COMMONLY PERCEIVED RANDOMIZERS—DRAWING LOTS LIKE —ARE USED DIVINATION REVEAL WILL GODS CLEROMANCY APPLICATIONS RANDOMNESSMAIN ARTICLE APPLICATIONS RANDOMNESS MOST MATHEMATICAL POLITICAL SOCIAL RELIGIOUS RANDOMNESS USED INNATE FAIRNESS LACK BIAS POLITICAL ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY BASED CONCEPT ISONOMIA EQUALITY POLITICAL RIGHTS USED COMPLEX ALLOTMENT MACHINES ENSURE THAT POSITIONS RULING COMMITTEES THAT ATHENS WERE FAIRLY ALLOCATED ALLOTMENT RESTRICTED SELECTING JURORS ANGLO-SAXON LEGAL SYSTEMS SITUATIONS WHERE FAIRNESS APPROXIMATED RANDOMIZATION SUCH SELECTING JURORS MILITARY DRAFT LOTTERIES SOCIAL RANDOM NUMBERS WERE FIRST INVESTIGATED CONTEXT GAMBLING MANY RANDOMIZING DEVICES SUCH DICE SHUFFLING PLAYING CARDS ROULETTE WHEELS WERE FIRST DEVELOPED GAMBLING ABILITY PRODUCE RANDOM NUMBERS FAIRLY VITAL ELECTRONIC GAMBLING SUCH METHODS USED CREATE THEM USUALLY REGULATED GOVERNMENT GAMING CONTROL BOARDS RANDOM DRAWINGS ALSO USED DETERMINE LOTTERY WINNERS THROUGHOUT HISTORY RANDOMNESS BEEN USED GAMES CHANCE SELECT INDIVIDUALS UNWANTED TASK FAIR DRAWING STRAWS SPORTS SOME SPORTS INCLUDING AMERICAN FOOTBALL COIN TOSSES RANDOMLY SELECT STARTING CONDITIONS GAMES SEED TIED TEAMS POSTSEASON PLAY NATIONAL BASKETBALL ASSOCIATION USES WEIGHTED LOTTERY ORDER TEAMS DRAFT MATHEMATICAL RANDOM NUMBERS ALSO USED WHERE THEIR MATHEMATICALLY IMPORTANT SUCH SAMPLING OPINION POLLS STATISTICAL SAMPLING QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEMS COMPUTATIONAL SOLUTIONS SOME TYPES PROBLEMS RANDOM NUMBERS EXTENSIVELY SUCH MONTE CARLO METHOD GENETIC ALGORITHMS MEDICINE RANDOM ALLOCATION CLINICAL INTERVENTION USED REDUCE BIAS CONTROLLED TRIALS RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS RELIGIOUS ALTHOUGH INTENDED RANDOM VARIOUS FORMS DIVINATION SUCH CLEROMANCY WHAT APPEARS RANDOM EVENT MEANS DIVINE BEING COMMUNICATE THEIR WILL ALSO FREE WILL DETERMINISM GENERATING RANDOMNESSMAIN ARTICLE RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION BALL ROULETTE USED SOURCE APPARENT RANDOMNESS BECAUSE BEHAVIOR VERY SENSITIVE INITIAL CONDITIONS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT THERE EXIST THREE MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE APPARENTLY RANDOM BEHAVIOR SYSTEMS RANDOMNESS COMING FROM ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLE BROWNIAN MOTION ALSO HARDWARE RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS RANDOMNESS COMING FROM INITIAL CONDITIONS THIS ASPECT STUDIED CHAOS THEORY OBSERVED SYSTEMS WHOSE BEHAVIOR VERY SENSITIVE SMALL VARIATIONS INITIAL CONDITIONS SUCH PACHINKO MACHINES DICE RANDOMNESS INTRINSICALLY GENERATED SYSTEM THIS ALSO CALLED PSEUDORANDOMNESS KIND USED PSEUDO-RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS THERE MANY ALGORITHMS BASED ARITHMETICS CELLULAR AUTOMATON GENERATE PSEUDORANDOM NUMBERS BEHAVIOR SYSTEM DETERMINED KNOWING SEED STATE ALGORITHM USED THESE METHODS OFTEN QUICKER THAN GETTING TRUE RANDOMNESS FROM ENVIRONMENT MANY APPLICATIONS RANDOMNESS HAVE MANY DIFFERENT METHODS GENERATING RANDOM DATA THESE METHODS VARY UNPREDICTABLE STATISTICALLY RANDOM THEY QUICKLY THEY GENERATE RANDOM NUMBERS BEFORE ADVENT COMPUTATIONAL RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS GENERATING LARGE AMOUNTS SUFFICIENTLY RANDOM NUMBERS IMPORTANT STATISTICS REQUIRED WORK RESULTS WOULD SOMETIMES COLLECTED DISTRIBUTED RANDOM NUMBER TABLES RANDOMNESS MEASURES TESTSTHERE MANY PRACTICAL MEASURES RANDOMNESS BINARY SEQUENCE THESE INCLUDE MEASURES BASED FREQUENCY DISCRETE TRANSFORMS COMPLEXITY MIXTURE THESE THESE INCLUDE TESTS PHILLIPS YUEN HOPKINS BETH MUND MARSAGLIA ZAMAN MISCONCEPTIONS LOGICAL FALLACIESMAIN ARTICLE GAMBLER'S FALLACY POPULAR PERCEPTIONS RANDOMNESS FREQUENTLY MISTAKEN BASED FALLACIOUS REASONING INTUITIONS NUMBER ALSO COUPON COLLECTOR'S PROBLEM THIS ARGUMENT RANDOM SELECTION NUMBERS SINCE NUMBERS EVENTUALLY APPEAR THOSE THAT HAVE COME 'DUE' THUS MORE LIKELY COME SOON THIS LOGIC ONLY CORRECT APPLIED SYSTEM WHERE NUMBERS THAT COME REMOVED FROM SYSTEM SUCH WHEN PLAYING CARDS DRAWN RETURNED DECK THIS CASE ONCE JACK REMOVED FROM DECK NEXT DRAW LESS LIKELY JACK MORE LIKELY SOME OTHER CARD HOWEVER JACK RETURNED DECK DECK THOROUGHLY RESHUFFLED JACK LIKELY DRAWN OTHER CARD SAME APPLIES OTHER PROCESS WHERE OBJECTS SELECTED INDEPENDENTLY NONE REMOVED AFTER EACH EVENT SUCH ROLL COIN TOSS MOST LOTTERY NUMBER SELECTION SCHEMES TRULY RANDOM PROCESSES SUCH THESE HAVE MEMORY MAKING IMPOSSIBLE PAST OUTCOMES AFFECT FUTURE OUTCOMES NUMBER CURSED BLESSED ALSO BENFORD'S RANDOM SEQUENCE NUMBERS NUMBER SAID CURSED BECAUSE COME LESS OFTEN PAST THOUGHT THAT WILL OCCUR LESS OFTEN FUTURE NUMBER ASSUMED BLESSED BECAUSE OCCURRED MORE OFTEN THAN OTHERS PAST THOUGHT LIKELY COME MORE OFTEN FUTURE THIS LOGIC VALID ONLY RANDOMISATION BIASED EXAMPLE WITH LOADED FAIR THEN PREVIOUS ROLLS GIVE INDICATION FUTURE EVENTS NATURE EVENTS RARELY OCCUR WITH PERFECTLY EQUAL FREQUENCY OBSERVING OUTCOMES DETERMINE WHICH EVENTS MORE PROBABLE MAKES SENSE FALLACIOUS APPLY THIS LOGIC SYSTEMS DESIGNED MAKE OUTCOMES EQUALLY LIKELY SUCH SHUFFLED CARDS DICE ROULETTE WHEELS ODDS NEVER DYNAMICIN BEGINNING SCENARIO MIGHT CALCULATE ODDS CERTAIN EVENT FACT SOON GAINS MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THAT SITUATION THEY NEED RE-CALCULATE ODDS TOLD THAT WOMAN CHILDREN THEM GIRL WHAT ODDS THAT OTHER CHILD ALSO GIRL CONSIDERING THIS CHILD INDEPENDENTLY MIGHT EXPECT ODDS THAT OTHER CHILD FEMALE USING MATHEMATICIAN GEROLAMO CARDANO'S METHOD BUILDING PROBABILITY SPACE ILLUSTRATING POSSIBLE OUTCOMES THAT ODDS ACTUALLY ONLY THIS BECAUSE STARTERS POSSIBILITY SPACE ILLUSTRATES WAYS HAVING THESE CHILDREN BOY-BOY GIRL-BOY BOY-GIRL GIRL-GIRL WERE GIVEN MORE INFORMATION ONCE TOLD THAT CHILDREN FEMALE THIS INFORMATION ELIMINATE BOY-BOY SCENARIO THUS PROBABILITY SPACE REVEALS THAT THERE STILL WAYS HAVE CHILDREN WHERE FEMALE BOY-GIRL GIRL-BOY GIRL-GIRL ONLY THESE SCENARIOS WOULD HAVE OTHER CHILD ALSO GIRL USING PROBABILITY SPACE LESS LIKELY MISS POSSIBLE SCENARIOS NEGLECT IMPORTANCE INFORMATION FURTHER INFORMATION GIRL PARADOX WHEN HOST REVEALS THAT DOOR ONLY CONTAINED GOAT THIS INFORMATION THIS TECHNIQUE PROVIDES INSIGHTS OTHER SITUATIONS SUCH MONTY HALL PROBLEM GAME SHOW SCENARIO WHICH HIDDEN BEHIND THREE DOORS GOATS HIDDEN BOOBY PRIZES BEHIND OTHERS ONCE CONTESTANT CHOSEN DOOR HOST OPENS REMAINING DOORS REVEAL GOAT ELIMINATING THAT DOOR OPTION WITH ONLY DOORS LEFT WITH OTHER WITH ANOTHER GOAT HOST THEN ASKS PLAYER WHETHER THEY WOULD LIKE KEEP DECISION THEY MADE SWITCH SELECT OTHER DOOR INTUITIVELY MIGHT THINK CONTESTANT SIMPLY CHOOSING BETWEEN DOORS WITH EQUAL PROBABILITY OPPORTUNITY PROVIDED HOST MAKES DIFFERENCE PROBABILITY SPACES REVEAL THAT CONTESTANT RECEIVED INFORMATION INCREASE THEIR CHANCES WINNING CHANGING OTHER DOOR BOOKSRANDOMNESS DEBORAH BENNETT HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN RANDOM MEASURES OLAV KALLENBERG ACADEMIC PRESS YORK LONDON AKADEMIE-VERLAG BERLIN COMPUTER PROGRAMMING SEMINUMERICAL ALGORITHMS DONALD KNUTH READING ADDISON-WESLEY ISBN FOOLED RANDOMNESS NASSIM NICHOLAS TALEB THOMSON TEXERE ISBN EXPLORING RANDOMNESS GREGORY CHAITIN SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON ISBN RANDOM KENNETH CHAN INCLUDES RANDOM SCALE GRADING LEVEL RANDOMNESS DRUNKARD’S WALK RANDOMNESS RULES LIVES LEONARD MLODINOW PANTHEON BOOKS YORK ISBN ALSO WIKIVERSITY LEARNING MATERIALS ABOUT RANDOM ALEATORY CHAITIN'S CONSTANT CHANCE DISAMBIGUATION FREQUENCY PROBABILITY NONLINEAR SYSTEM PROBABILITY INTERPRETATIONS REFERENCES THIRD WORKSHOP MONTE CARLO METHODS PROFESSOR STATISTICS HARVARD UNIVERSITY MUNICIPAL ELECTIONS ONTARIO CANADA SCHED RECOUNT INDICATES THAT MORE CANDIDATES CANNOT BOTH DECLARED ELECTED OFFICE HAVE RECEIVED SAME NUMBER VOTES CLERK SHALL CHOOSE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATE CANDIDATES HANDBOOK LIFE ANCIENT ROME LESLEY ADKINS ISBN PAGE RELIGIONS ANCIENT WORLD SARAH ILES JOHNSTON ISBN PAGE ANNOTATED READINGS HISTORY STATISTICS HERBERT ARON DAVID ISBN PAGE NOTE THAT EDITION VENN'S BOOK GOOGLE BOOKS DOES INCLUDE THIS CHAPTER NATURE BELL'S ASPECT EXPERIMENT NATURE EACH NUCLEUS DECAYS SPONTANEOUSLY RANDOM ACCORDANCE WITH BLIND WORKINGS CHANCE QUANTUM JOHN GRIBBIN BREATHNACH LONG-TERM HYPOPIGMENTARY EFFECT THORIUM-X FRECKLED SKIN BRITISH JOURNAL DERMATOLOGY PMID DISTRIBUTION FRECKLES SEEMS ENTIRELY RANDOM ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER OBVIOUSLY PUNCTUATE ANATOMICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURE SKIN DIGITS RANDOM RESEARCHER HOLD RETRIEVED LASZSO BARABASI LINKED RICH GETS RICHER DONALD KNUTH THINGS COMPUTER SCIENTIST RARELY TALKS ABOUT CSLI TERRY RITTER RANDOMNESS TESTS LITERATURE SURVEY CIPHERSBYRITTER JOHNSON GEORGE JUNE PLAYING 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LANGUAGES RBAYCANCA CATALà ESKY DANSK DEUTSCH ESPAñOL ESPERANTO EUSKARA FRANçAIS ITALIANO LATINA MAGYAR NEDERLANDS NORSK BOKMåL POLSKI PORTUGUêS SIMPLE ENGLISH SLOVEN SUOMI SVENSKA EDIT LINKS THIS PAGE LAST MODIFIED MARCH LESBIANFROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIAJUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH OTHER USES LESBIAN DISAMBIGUATION WORD LESBIAN REFER WOMAN'S IDENTITY DESIRE ACTIVITY BETWEEN WOMEN SAPPHO ERINNA GARDEN MYTILENE SIMEON SOLOMON LESBIAN TERM MOST WIDELY USED ENGLISH LANGUAGE DESCRIBE SEXUAL ROMANTIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN FEMALES WORD USED NOUN REFER WOMEN IDENTIFY THEMSELVES CHARACTERIZED OTHERS HAVING PRIMARY ATTRIBUTE FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY ADJECTIVE DESCRIBE CHARACTERISTICS OBJECT ACTIVITY RELATED FEMALE SAME-SEX ATTRACTION LESBIAN CONCEPT USED DIFFERENTIATE WOMEN WITH SHARED SEXUAL ORIENTATION TH-CENTURY CONSTRUCT THROUGHOUT HISTORY WOMEN HAVE FREEDOM INDEPENDENCE PURSUE HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS HAVE NEITHER HAVE THEY HARSH PUNISHMENT SOME SOCIETIES HOMOSEXUAL INSTEAD LESBIAN RELATIONSHIPS HAVE OFTEN BEEN REGARDED HARMLESS INCOMPARABLE HETEROSEXUAL ONES UNLESS PARTICIPANTS ATTEMPTED ASSERT PRIVILEGES TRADITIONALLY ENJOYED RESULT LITTLE HISTORY BEEN DOCUMENTED GIVE ACCURATE DESCRIPTION FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY BEEN EXPRESSED WHEN EARLY SEXOLOGISTS LATE CENTURY BEGAN CATEGORIZE DESCRIBE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR HAMPERED LACK KNOWLEDGE ABOUT FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY WOMEN'S SEXUALITY THEY DISTINGUISHED LESBIANS WOMEN ADHERE FEMALE GENDER ROLES INCORRECTLY DESIGNATED THEM MENTALLY DESIGNATION WHICH BEEN REVERSED GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY WOMEN HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS RESPONDED THIS DESIGNATION EITHER HIDING THEIR PERSONAL LIVES ACCEPTING LABEL OUTCAST CREATING SUBCULTURE IDENTITY THAT DEVELOPED EUROPE UNITED STATES FOLLOWING WORLD DURING PERIOD SOCIAL REPRESSION WHEN GOVERNMENTS ACTIVELY PERSECUTED HOMOSEXUALS WOMEN DEVELOPED NETWORKS SOCIALIZE WITH EDUCATE EACH OTHER GREATER ECONOMIC SOCIAL FREEDOM ALLOWED WOMEN GRADUALLY ABLE DETERMINE THEY COULD FORM RELATIONSHIPS FAMILIES WITH SECOND WAVE FEMINISM GROWTH SCHOLARSHIP WOMEN'S HISTORY SEXUALITY CENTURY DEFINITION LESBIAN BROADENED SPARKING DEBATE ABOUT SEXUAL DESIRE MAJOR COMPONENT DEFINE WHAT LESBIAN SOME WOMEN ENGAGE SAME-SEX SEXUAL ACTIVITY REJECT ONLY IDENTIFYING LESBIAN BISEXUAL WELL SEXUAL IDENTITY NECESSARILY SAME ONE'S ACTUAL SEXUAL ORIENTATION VARIOUS REASONS SUCH FEAR IDENTIFYING SUCH HOMOPHOBIC SETTING PORTRAYALS LESBIANS MEDIA SUGGEST THAT SOCIETY LARGE BEEN SIMULTANEOUSLY INTRIGUED THREATENED WOMEN CHALLENGE FEMININE GENDER ROLES FASCINATED APPALLED WITH WOMEN ROMANTICALLY INVOLVED WITH OTHER WOMEN WOMEN ADOPT LESBIAN IDENTITY SHARE EXPERIENCES THAT FORM OUTLOOK SIMILAR ETHNIC IDENTITY HOMOSEXUALS THEY UNIFIED HETEROSEXIST DISCRIMINATION POTENTIAL REJECTION THEY FACE FROM THEIR FAMILIES FRIENDS OTHERS RESULT HOMOPHOBIA WOMEN THEY FACE CONCERNS SEPARATE FROM LESBIANS ENCOUNTER DISTINCT PHYSICAL MENTAL HEALTH CONCERNS ARISING FROM DISCRIMINATION PREJUDICE MINORITY STRESS POLITICAL CONDITIONS SOCIAL ATTITUDES ALSO AFFECT FORMATION LESBIAN RELATIONSHIPS FAMILIES OPEN CONTENTS HIDE ORIGIN TRANSFORMATION TERM FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY WITHOUT IDENTITY WESTERN CULTURE GENERAL ANCIENT GREECE ROME EARLY MODERN EUROPE FEMALE HUSBANDS RE-EXAMINING ROMANTIC FRIENDSHIPS IDENTITY GENDER HISTORICAL WESTERN CULTURE CONSTRUCTION LESBIAN IDENTITY GREAT DEPRESSION WORLD POSTWAR YEARS UNDERGROUND SOCIALIZING BUTCH FEMME DICHOTOMY LESBIAN THEMED FICTION SECOND WAVE FEMINISM OUTSIDE WESTERN CULTURE MIDDLE EAST AMERICAS AFRICA ASIA DEMOGRAPHICS KINSEY REPORT HITE REPORT POPULATION ESTIMATES HEALTH PHYSICAL MENTAL MEDIA REPRESENTATION SUMMARY LITERATURE FILM TELEVISION CURRENT ISSUES LESBIANS LESBIAN CHIC POPULAR CULTURE SEXUALITY LESBIAN IDENTITY FAMILIES POLITICS ALSO FOOTNOTES NOTES REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS ORIGIN TRANSFORMATION TERM SAPPHO LESBOS DEPICTED HERE PAINTING JOHN WILLIAM GODWARD GAVE TERM LESBIAN CONNOTATION EROTIC DESIRE BETWEEN WOMEN WORD LESBIAN DERIVED FROM NAME GREEK ISLAND LESBOS HOME TH-CENTURY POET SAPPHO FROM VARIOUS ANCIENT WRITINGS HISTORIANS HAVE GATHERED THAT GROUP YOUNG WOMEN WERE LEFT SAPPHO'S CHARGE THEIR INSTRUCTION CULTURAL EDIFICATION MUCH SAPPHO'S POETRY REMAINS THAT WHICH DOES REFLECTS TOPICS WROTE ABOUT WOMEN'S DAILY LIVES THEIR RELATIONSHIPS RITUALS FOCUSED BEAUTY WOMEN PROCLAIMED LOVE GIRLS BEFORE LATE CENTURY WORD LESBIAN REFERRED DERIVATIVE ASPECT LESBOS INCLUDING TYPE WINE NOTE TERM USED MEDICAL DICTIONARY ADJECTIVE DESCRIBE TRIBADISM LESBIAN LOVE SEXUAL GRATIFICATION WOMEN SIMULATING INTERCOURSE LESBIANISM DESCRIBE EROTIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WOMEN BEEN DOCUMENTED TERMS WERE INTERCHANGEABLE WITH SAPPHIST SAPPHISM AROUND TURN CENTURY LESBIAN MEDICAL LITERATURE BECAME PROMINENT WORD RECORDED NOUN MEAN FEMALE EQUIVALENT SODOMITE HAVELOCK ELLIS NUMBER SEXOLOGISTS RESPONSIBLE NOW-INVALID CATEGORIZATION 'LESBIANISM' MEDICAL PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE SIGNIFICANT FACTOR FURTHER CONNOTATIONS TERM MIDDLE CENTURY MEDICAL WRITERS ATTEMPTED ESTABLISH WAYS IDENTIFY MALE HOMOSEXUALITY WHICH CONSIDERED SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL PROBLEM MOST WESTERN SOCIETIES CATEGORIZING BEHAVIOR THAT INDICATED WHAT REFERRED INVERSION GERMAN SEXOLOGIST MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD RESEARCHERS DETERMINED WHAT NORMAL SEXUAL BEHAVIOR WOMEN THEREFORE WHAT EXTENT WOMEN VARIED FROM PERFECT MALE SEXUAL TYPE PERFECT FEMALE SEXUAL TYPE LESS LITERATURE FOCUSED FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR THAN MALE HOMOSEXUALITY MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS CONSIDER SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM SOME CASES ACKNOWLEDGED EXIST HOWEVER SEXOLOGISTS RICHARD KRAFFT-EBING FROM GERMANY BRITAIN'S HAVELOCK ELLIS WROTE SOME EARLIEST MORE ENDURING CATEGORIZATIONS FEMALE SAME-SEX ATTRACTION APPROACHING FORM INSANITY KRAFFT-EBING CONSIDERED LESBIANISM WHAT TERMED URANISM NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE ELLIS INFLUENCED KRAFFT-EBING'S WRITINGS DISAGREED ABOUT WHETHER SEXUAL INVERSION GENERALLY LIFELONG CONDITION ELLIS BELIEVED THAT MANY WOMEN PROFESSED LOVE OTHER WOMEN CHANGED THEIR FEELINGS ABOUT SUCH RELATIONSHIPS AFTER THEY EXPERIENCED MARRIAGE PRACTICAL LIFE HOWEVER ELLIS CONCEDED THAT THERE WERE TRUE INVERTS WOULD SPEND THEIR LIVES PURSUING EROTIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH WOMEN THESE WERE MEMBERS THIRD REJECTED ROLES WOMEN SUBSERVIENT FEMININE DOMESTIC INVERT DESCRIBED OPPOSITE GENDER ROLES RELATED ATTRACTION WOMEN INSTEAD SINCE WOMEN VICTORIAN PERIOD WERE CONSIDERED UNABLE INITIATE SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS WOMEN WITH OTHER WOMEN WERE THOUGHT POSSESSING MASCULINE SEXUAL DESIRES WORK KRAFFT-EBING ELLIS WIDELY READ HELPED CREATE PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY NOTE SEXOLOGISTS' CLAIMS THAT HOMOSEXUALITY CONGENITAL ANOMALY WERE GENERALLY WELL-ACCEPTED HOMOSEXUAL INDICATED THAT THEIR BEHAVIOR INSPIRED SHOULD CONSIDERED CRIMINAL VICE WIDELY ACKNOWLEDGED ABSENCE OTHER MATERIAL DESCRIBE THEIR EMOTIONS HOMOSEXUALS ACCEPTED DESIGNATION DIFFERENT PERVERTED USED THEIR OUTLAW STATUS FORM SOCIAL CIRCLES PARIS BERLIN LESBIAN BEGAN DESCRIBE ELEMENTS SUBCULTURE LESBIANS WESTERN CULTURES PARTICULAR OFTEN CLASSIFY THEMSELVES HAVING IDENTITY THAT DEFINES THEIR INDIVIDUAL SEXUALITY WELL THEIR MEMBERSHIP GROUP THAT SHARES COMMON TRAITS WOMEN MANY CULTURES THROUGHOUT HISTORY HAVE SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH OTHER WOMEN THEY RARELY WERE DESIGNATED PART GROUP PEOPLE BASED THEY PHYSICAL RELATIONS WITH WOMEN HAVE GENERALLY BEEN POLITICAL MINORITIES WESTERN CULTURES ADDED MEDICAL DESIGNATION HOMOSEXUALITY BEEN CAUSE DEVELOPMENT SUBCULTURAL IDENTITY FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY WITHOUT IDENTITY WESTERN CULTUREGENERALFURTHER INFORMATION HISTORY LESBIANISM VARIED MEANINGS LESBIAN SINCE EARLY CENTURY HAVE PROMPTED SOME HISTORIANS REVISIT HISTORIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WOMEN BEFORE WIDE USAGE WORD DEFINED EROTIC PROCLIVITIES DISCUSSION FROM HISTORIANS CAUSED FURTHER QUESTIONING WHAT QUALIFIES LESBIAN RELATIONSHIP LESBIAN-FEMINISTS ASSERTED SEXUAL COMPONENT UNNECESSARY DECLARING ONESELF LESBIAN PRIMARY CLOSEST RELATIONSHIPS WERE WITH WOMEN WHEN CONSIDERING PAST RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN APPROPRIATE HISTORIC CONTEXT THERE WERE TIMES WHEN LOVE WERE SEPARATE UNRELATED NOTIONS ACADEMIC COHORT NAMED LESBIAN HISTORY GROUP WROTE BECAUSE SOCIETY'S RELUCTANCE ADMIT THAT LESBIANS EXIST HIGH DEGREE CERTAINTY EXPECTED BEFORE HISTORIANS BIOGRAPHERS ALLOWED LABEL EVIDENCE THAT WOULD SUFFICE OTHER SITUATION INADEQUATE HERE WOMAN NEVER MARRIED LIVED WITH ANOTHER WOMAN WHOSE FRIENDS WERE MOSTLY WOMEN MOVED KNOWN LESBIAN MIXED CIRCLES WELL HAVE BEEN LESBIAN THIS SORT EVIDENCE 'PROOF' WHAT CRITICS WANT INCONTROVERTIBLE EVIDENCE SEXUAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN WOMEN THIS ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE FIND FEMALE SEXUALITY OFTEN ADEQUATELY REPRESENTED TEXTS DOCUMENTS UNTIL VERY RECENTLY MUCH WHAT BEEN DOCUMENTED ABOUT WOMEN'S SEXUALITY BEEN WRITTEN CONTEXT MALE UNDERSTANDING RELEVANT WOMEN'S ASSOCIATIONS MEN—AS THEIR WIVES DAUGHTERS MOTHERS EXAMPLE OFTEN ARTISTIC REPRESENTATIONS FEMALE SEXUALITY SUGGEST TRENDS IDEAS BROAD SCALES GIVING HISTORIANS CLUES WIDESPREAD ACCEPTED EROTIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WOMEN WERE ANCIENT GREECE ROMEFURTHER INFORMATION HOMOSEXUALITY ANCIENT GREECE HOMOSEXUALITY ANCIENT ROME HISTORY OFTEN ANALYZED WITH CONTEMPORARY IDEOLOGIES ANCIENT GREECE SUBJECT ENJOYED POPULARITY RULING CLASS BRITAIN DURING CENTURY BASED THEIR SOCIAL PRIORITIES BRITISH SCHOLARS INTERPRETED ANCIENT GREECE WESTERNIZED WHITE MASCULINE SOCIETY ESSENTIALLY REMOVED WOMEN FROM HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE WOMEN GREECE WERE SEQUESTERED WITH EACH OTHER WITH THIS HOMOSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT EROTIC SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MALES WERE COMMON RECORDED LITERATURE PHILOSOPHY HARDLY ANYTHING RECORDED ABOUT HOMOSEXUAL ACTIVITY BETWEEN WOMEN THERE SOME SPECULATION THAT SIMILAR RELATIONSHIPS EXISTED BETWEEN WOMEN GIRLS POET ALCMAN USED TERM AITIS FEMININE FORM AITES—WHICH OFFICIAL TERM YOUNGER PARTICIPANT PEDERASTIC RELATIONSHIP ARISTOPHANES PLATO'S SYMPOSIUM MENTIONS WOMEN LOVE WOMEN USES TERM TREPESTHAI FOCUSED INSTEAD EROS WHICH APPLIED OTHER EROTIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BETWEEN WOMEN HISTORIAN NANCY RABINOWITZ ARGUES THAT ANCIENT GREEK VASE IMAGES PORTRAYING WOMEN WITH THEIR ARMS AROUND ANOTHER WOMAN'S WAIST LEANING WOMAN'S SHOULDERS CONSTRUED EXPRESSIONS ROMANTIC DESIRE MUCH DAILY LIVES WOMEN ANCIENT GREECE UNKNOWN SPECIFICALLY THEIR EXPRESSIONS SEXUALITY ALTHOUGH PARTICIPATED PEDERASTIC RELATIONSHIPS OUTSIDE MARRIAGE THERE CLEAR EVIDENCE THAT WOMEN WERE ALLOWED ENCOURAGED HAVE SAME-SEX RELATIONSHIPS BEFORE DURING MARRIAGE LONG THEIR MARITAL OBLIGATIONS WERE WOMEN APPEAR GREEK POTTERY DEPICTED WITH AFFECTION INSTANCES WHERE WOMEN APPEAR ONLY WITH OTHER WOMEN THEIR IMAGES EROTICIZED BATHING TOUCHING ANOTHER WITH DILDOS PLACED AROUND SUCH SCENES SOMETIMES WITH IMAGERY ALSO SEEN DEPICTIONS HETEROSEXUAL MARRIAGE PEDERASTIC SEDUCTION WHETHER THIS EROTICISM VIEWER ACCURATE REPRESENTATION LIFE UNKNOWN WOMEN ANCIENT ROME WERE SIMILARLY SUBJECT MEN'S DEFINITIONS SEXUALITY MODERN SCHOLARSHIP INDICATES THAT VIEWED FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY WITH HOSTILITY THEY CONSIDERED WOMEN ENGAGED SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH OTHER WOMEN BIOLOGICAL ODDITIES THAT WOULD ATTEMPT PENETRATE WOMEN—AND SOMETIMES MEN—WITH MONSTROUSLY ENLARGED CLITORISES ACCORDING SCHOLAR JAMES BUTRICA LESBIANISM CHALLENGED ONLY ROMAN MALE'S VIEW HIMSELF EXCLUSIVE GIVER SEXUAL PLEASURE ALSO MOST BASIC FOUNDATIONS ROME'S MALE-DOMINATED CULTURE HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION EXISTS WOMEN OTHER WOMEN PARTNERS EARLY MODERN EUROPE LESBIANISM HERMAPHRODITISM DEPICTED HERE ENGRAVING CIRCA WERE VERY SIMILAR CONCEPTS DURING RENAISSANCE FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY RECEIVED SAME NEGATIVE RESPONSE FROM RELIGIOUS CRIMINAL AUTHORITIES MALE HOMOSEXUALITY ADULTERY THROUGHOUT HISTORY WHEREAS SODOMY BETWEEN WOMEN ANIMALS PUNISHABLE DEATH BRITAIN ACKNOWLEDGMENT SEXUAL CONTACT BETWEEN WOMEN NONEXISTENT MEDICAL LEGAL TEXTS EARLIEST AGAINST FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY APPEARED FRANCE SPAIN ITALY HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE SODOMY BETWEEN WOMEN INCLUDED ACTS CONSIDERED UNNATURAL PUNISHABLE BURNING DEATH ALTHOUGH INSTANCES RECORDED THIS TAKING PLACE EARLIEST SUCH EXECUTION OCCURRED SPEIER GERMANY FORTY DAYS' PENANCE DEMANDED NUNS RODE EACH OTHER WERE DISCOVERED HAVE TOUCHED EACH OTHER'S BREASTS ITALIAN NAMED SISTER BENEDETTA CARLINI DOCUMENTED HAVE SEDUCED MANY SISTERS WHEN POSSESSED DIVINE SPIRIT NAMED SPLENDITELLO RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER WOMEN PLACED SOLITARY CONFINEMENT LAST YEARS LIFE FEMALE HOMOEROTICISM HOWEVER COMMON ENGLISH LITERATURE THEATER THAT HISTORIANS SUGGEST FASHIONABLE PERIOD DURING RENAISSANCE IDEAS ABOUT WOMEN'S SEXUALITY WERE LINKED CONTEMPORARY UNDERSTANDING FEMALE PHYSIOLOGY VAGINA CONSIDERED INWARD VERSION PENIS WHERE NATURE'S PERFECTION CREATED OFTEN NATURE THOUGHT TRYING RIGHT ITSELF PROLAPSING VAGINA FORM PENIS SOME WOMEN THESE CHANGES WERE LATER THOUGHT CASES HERMAPHRODITES HERMAPHRODITISM BECAME SYNONYMOUS WITH FEMALE SAME-SEX DESIRE MEDICAL CONSIDERATION HERMAPHRODITISM DEPENDED UPON MEASUREMENTS CLITORIS LONGER ENGORGED CLITORIS THOUGHT USED WOMEN PENETRATE OTHER WOMEN PENETRATION FOCUS CONCERN SEXUAL ACTS WOMAN THOUGHT HAVE UNCONTROLLABLE DESIRES BECAUSE ENGORGED CLITORIS CALLED TRIBADE LITERALLY RUBS ONLY ABNORMALLY ENGORGED CLITORIS THOUGHT CREATE LUSTS SOME WOMEN THAT THEM MASTURBATE PAMPHLETS WARNING WOMEN ABOUT MASTURBATION LEADING SUCH OVERSIZED ORGANS WERE WRITTEN CAUTIONARY TALES WHILE MASTURBATION LESBIAN CARRIED SAME MEANING CLASS DISTINCTION HOWEVER BECAME LINKED FASHION FEMALE HOMOEROTICISM PASSED TRIBADES WERE SIMULTANEOUSLY CONSIDERED MEMBERS LOWER CLASS TRYING RUIN VIRTUOUS WOMEN REPRESENTATIVES ARISTOCRACY CORRUPT WITH DEBAUCHERY SATIRICAL WRITERS BEGAN SUGGEST THAT POLITICAL RIVALS MORE OFTEN THEIR WIVES ENGAGED TRIBADISM ORDER HARM THEIR REPUTATIONS QUEEN ANNE RUMORED HAVE PASSIONATE RELATIONSHIP WITH SARAH CHURCHILL DUCHESS MARLBOROUGH CLOSEST ADVISER CONFIDANTE WHEN CHURCHILL OUSTED QUEEN'S FAVORITE PURPORTEDLY SPREAD ALLEGATIONS QUEEN HAVING AFFAIRS WITH BEDCHAMBERWOMEN MARIE ANTOINETTE ALSO SUBJECT SUCH SPECULATION SOME MONTHS BETWEEN FEMALE HUSBANDS GENDER MASQUERADE DRAMATIC DEVICE POPULAR CENTURIES SUCH THIS SCENE FROM TWELFTH NIGHT PAINTED FREDERICK PICKERSGILL HERMAPHRODITISM APPEARED MEDICAL LITERATURE ENOUGH CONSIDERED COMMON KNOWLEDGE ALTHOUGH CASES WERE RARE HOMOEROTIC ELEMENTS LITERATURE WERE PERVASIVE SPECIFICALLY MASQUERADE GENDER ANOTHER FOOL UNSUSPECTING WOMAN INTO BEING SEDUCED SUCH PLOT DEVICES WERE USED SHAKESPEARE'S TWELFTH NIGHT FAERIE QUEENE EDMUND SPENSER JAMES SHIRLEY'S BIRD CAGE EXTRAORDINARY CASES DURING RENAISSANCE WOMEN TAKING MALE PERSONAE GOING UNDETECTED YEARS DECADES HAVE BEEN RECORDED NOTE FOUND PUNISHMENTS RANGED FROM DEATH TIME PILLORY BEING ORDERED NEVER DRESS AGAIN HENRY FIELDING WROTE PAMPHLET TITLED FEMALE HUSBAND BASED LIFE MARY HAMILTON MARRIED WOMEN THREE SEPARATE OCCASIONS SENTENCED PUBLIC WHIPPING FOUR SEPARATE TOWNS MONTHS JAIL SIMILAR EXAMPLES WERE PROCURED CATHARINE LINCK PRUSSIA EXECUTED SWISS ANNE GRANDJEAN MARRIED RELOCATED WITH WIFE LYONS EXPOSED WOMAN WITH WHOM PREVIOUS AFFAIR SENTENCED TIME STOCKS PRISON QUEEN CHRISTINA SWEDEN'S TENDENCY DRESS WELL KNOWN DURING TIME EXCUSED BECAUSE NOBLE BIRTH BROUGHT MALE THERE SPECULATION TIME THAT HERMAPHRODITE EVEN AFTER CHRISTINA ABDICATED THRONE AVOID MARRIAGE KNOWN PURSUE ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS WITH WOMEN SOME HISTORIANS VIEW CASES CROSS-DRESSING WOMEN MANIFESTATIONS WOMEN SEIZING POWER THEY WOULD NATURALLY UNABLE ENJOY FEMININE ATTIRE THEIR MAKING SENSE THEIR DESIRE WOMEN LILLIAN FADERMAN ARGUES THAT WESTERN SOCIETY THREATENED WOMEN REJECTED THEIR FEMININE ROLES CATHARINE LINCK OTHER WOMEN WERE ACCUSED USING DILDOS SUCH NUNS CENTURY SPAIN EXECUTED USING MATERIAL INSTRUMENTS WERE PUNISHED MORE SEVERELY THAN THOSE MARRIAGES BETWEEN WOMEN WERE RECORDED CHESHIRE ENGLAND BETWEEN HANNAH WRIGHT ANNE GASKILL BETWEEN NORTON ALICE PICKFORD WITH COMMENT ABOUT BOTH PARTIES BEING FEMALE REPORTS CLERGYMEN WITH STANDARDS PERFORMED WEDDINGS—AND WROTE THEIR SUSPICIONS ABOUT MEMBER WEDDING PARTY—CONTINUED APPEAR NEXT CENTURY OUTSIDE EUROPE WOMEN WERE ABLE DRESS UNDETECTED DEBORAH SAMPSON FOUGHT AMERICAN REVOLUTION NAMED ROBERT SHURTLEFF PURSUED RELATIONSHIPS WITH WOMEN EDWARD LACY EVANS BORN FEMALE IRELAND TOOK MALE NAME DURING VOYAGE AUSTRALIA LIVED YEARS VICTORIA MARRYING THREE TIMES PERCY REDWOOD CREATED SCANDAL ZEALAND WHEN FOUND BOCK MARRIED WOMAN FROM PORT MOLYNEAUX NEWSPAPERS ARGUED WHETHER SIGN INSANITY INHERENT CHARACTER FLAW RE-EXAMINING ROMANTIC FRIENDSHIPS INTIMACY BETWEEN WOMEN FASHIONABLE BETWEEN CENTURIES ALTHOUGH SEXUALITY RARELY PUBLICLY ACKNOWLEDGED DURING THROUGH CENTURIES WOMAN EXPRESSING PASSIONATE LOVE ANOTHER WOMAN FASHIONABLE ACCEPTED ENCOURAGED THESE RELATIONSHIPS WERE TERMED ROMANTIC FRIENDSHIPS BOSTON MARRIAGES SENTIMENTAL FRIENDS WERE COMMON EUROPE ESPECIALLY ENGLAND DOCUMENTATION THESE RELATIONSHIPS POSSIBLE LARGE VOLUME LETTERS WRITTEN BETWEEN WOMEN WHETHER RELATIONSHIP INCLUDED GENITAL COMPONENT MATTER PUBLIC DISCOURSE WOMEN COULD FORM STRONG EXCLUSIVE BONDS WITH EACH OTHER STILL CONSIDERED VIRTUOUS INNOCENT CHASTE SIMILAR RELATIONSHIP WITH WOULD HAVE DESTROYED WOMAN'S REPUTATION FACT THESE RELATIONSHIPS WERE PROMOTED ALTERNATIVES PRACTICE WOMAN'S MARRIAGE NOTE SUCH RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU WROTE ANNE WORTLEY NOBODY ENTIRELY FAITHFULLY YOURS YOUR LOVERS DON'T ALLOW POSSIBLE SINCERE SIMILARLY ENGLISH POET ANNA SEWARD DEVOTED FRIENDSHIP HONORA SNEYD SUBJECT MANY SEWARD'S SONNETS POEMS WHEN SNEYD MARRIED DESPITE SEWARD'S PROTEST SEWARD'S POEMS BECAME ANGRY HOWEVER SEWARD CONTINUED WRITE ABOUT SNEYD LONG AFTER DEATH EXTOLLING SNEYD'S BEAUTY THEIR AFFECTION FRIENDSHIP YOUNG WOMAN WRITER PHILOSOPHER MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT ATTACHED WOMAN NAMED FANNY BLOOD WRITING ANOTHER WOMAN WHOM RECENTLY FELT BETRAYED WOLLSTONECRAFT DECLARED ROSES WILL BLOOM WHEN THERE'S PEACE BREAST PROSPECT LIVING WITH FANNY GLADDENS HEART —YOU KNOW LOVE NOTE WOLLSTONECRAFT'S FIRST NOVEL MARY FICTION PART ADDRESSED RELATIONSHIP WITH FANNY BLOOD ELEANOR BUTLER SARAH PONSONBY RELATIONSHIP THAT HAILED DEVOTED VIRTUOUS AFTER ELOPING LIVING YEARS TOGETHER WALES PERHAPS MOST FAMOUS THESE ROMANTIC FRIENDSHIPS BETWEEN ELEANOR BUTLER SARAH PONSONBY NICKNAMED LADIES LLANGOLLEN BUTLER PONSONBY ELOPED RELIEF PONSONBY'S FAMILY CONCERNED ABOUT THEIR REPUTATION AWAY WITH LIVE TOGETHER WALES YEARS THOUGHT ECCENTRICS THEIR STORY CONSIDERED EPITOME VIRTUOUS ROMANTIC FRIENDSHIP INSPIRED POETRY ANNA SEWARD HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW DIARIST ANNE LISTER CAPTIVATED BUTLER PONSONBY RECORDED AFFAIRS WITH WOMEN BETWEEN SOME WRITTEN CODE DETAILING SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH MARIANNA BELCOMBE MARIA BARLOW BOTH LISTER ELEANOR BUTLER WERE CONSIDERED MASCULINE CONTEMPORARY NEWS REPORTS THOUGH THERE WERE SUSPICIONS THAT THESE RELATIONSHIPS WERE SAPPHIST NATURE THEY WERE NONETHELESS PRAISED LITERATURE ROMANTIC FRIENDSHIPS WERE ALSO POPULAR ENIGMATIC POET EMILY DICKINSON WROTE OVER LETTERS POEMS SUSAN GILBERT LATER BECAME SISTER-IN-LAW ENGAGED ANOTHER ROMANTIC CORRESPONDENCE WITH KATE SCOTT ANTHON ANTHON BROKE THEIR RELATIONSHIP SAME MONTH DICKINSON ENTERED SELF-IMPOSED LIFELONG SECLUSION NEARBY HARTFORD CONNECTICUT AFRICAN AMERICAN FREEBORN WOMEN ADDIE BROWN REBECCA PRIMUS LEFT EVIDENCE THEIR PASSION LETTERS KISSES LIKE YOURES GEORGIA ALICE BALDY WROTE JOSIE VARNER KNOW THAT TOUCH SPEAK THERE NERVE FIBRE BODY THAT DOES RESPOND WITH THRILL DELIGHT AROUND TURN CENTURY DEVELOPMENT HIGHER EDUCATION PROVIDED OPPORTUNITIES WOMEN ALL-FEMALE SURROUNDINGS CULTURE ROMANTIC PURSUIT FOSTERED WOMEN'S COLLEGES OLDER STUDENTS MENTORED YOUNGER ONES CALLED THEM SOCIALLY TOOK THEM ALL-WOMEN DANCES SENT THEM FLOWERS CARDS POEMS THAT DECLARED THEIR UNDYING LOVE EACH OTHER THESE WERE CALLED SMASHES SPOONS THEY WERE WRITTEN ABOUT QUITE FRANKLY STORIES GIRLS ASPIRING ATTEND COLLEGE PUBLICATIONS SUCH LADIES HOME JOURNAL CHILDREN'S MAGAZINE TITLED NICHOLAS COLLECTION CALLED SMITH COLLEGE STORIES WITHOUT NEGATIVE VIEWS ENDURING LOYALTY DEVOTION LOVE WERE MAJOR COMPONENTS THESE STORIES SEXUAL ACTS BEYOND KISSING WERE CONSISTENTLY ABSENT WOMEN OPTION CAREER INSTEAD MARRIAGE LABELED THEMSELVES WOMEN TOOK THEIR OPPORTUNITIES VERY SERIOUSLY NOTE FADERMAN CALLS THIS PERIOD LAST BREATH INNOCENCE BEFORE WHEN CHARACTERIZATIONS FEMALE AFFECTION WERE CONNECTED SEXUALITY MARKING LESBIANS UNIQUE OFTEN UNFLATTERING GROUP SPECIFICALLY FADERMAN CONNECTS GROWTH WOMEN'S INDEPENDENCE THEIR BEGINNING REJECT STRICTLY PRESCRIBED ROLES VICTORIAN SCIENTIFIC DESIGNATION LESBIANISM TYPE ABERRANT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IDENTITY GENDER HISTORICAL WESTERN CULTURECONSTRUCTION LESBIAN IDENTITY BERLIN'S THRIVING LESBIAN COMMUNITY PUBLISHED THIS MAGAZINE BETWEEN SOME WOMEN REALIZATION THAT THEY PARTICIPATED BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIPS THAT COULD CATEGORIZED LESBIAN CAUSED THEM DENY CONCEAL SUCH PROFESSOR JEANNETTE AUGUSTUS MARKS MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE LIVED WITH COLLEGE PRESIDENT MARY WOOLLEY YEARS MARKS DISCOURAGED YOUNG WOMEN FROM ABNORMAL FRIENDSHIPS INSISTED HAPPINESS COULD ONLY ATTAINED WITH NOTE OTHER WOMEN HOWEVER EMBRACED DISTINCTION USED THEIR UNIQUENESS THEMSELVES APART FROM HETEROSEXUAL WOMEN FROM AMERICAN HEIRESS NATALIE CLIFFORD BARNEY HELD WEEKLY SALON PARIS WHICH MAJOR ARTISTIC CELEBRITIES WERE INVITED WHERE LESBIAN TOPICS WERE FOCUS COMBINING GREEK INFLUENCES WITH CONTEMPORARY FRENCH EROTICISM ATTEMPTED CREATE UPDATED IDEALIZED VERSION LESBOS SALON CONTEMPORARIES INCLUDED ARTIST ROMAINE BROOKS PAINTED OTHERS CIRCLE WRITERS COLETTE DJUNA BARNES SOCIAL HOST GERTRUDE STEIN NOVELIST RADCLYFFE HALL BERLIN VIBRANT HOMOSEXUAL CULTURE ABOUT CLUBS CATERING LESBIANS EXISTED WOMEN THEIR MAGAZINE TITLED FREUNDIN GIRLFRIEND BETWEEN ANOTHER TITLED GARçONNE SPECIFICALLY MALE TRANSVESTITES LESBIANS BOOK TITLED LESBIANS BERLIN WRITTEN RUTH MARGARITE RöLLIG FURTHER POPULARIZED GERMAN CAPITAL CENTER LESBIAN ACTIVITY CLUBS VARIED BETWEEN LARGE ESTABLISHMENTS POPULAR THAT THEY WERE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS SMALL NEIGHBORHOOD CAFES WHERE ONLY LOCAL WOMEN WENT FIND OTHER WOMEN LILA LIED LAVENDER SONG SERVED ANTHEM LESBIANS BERLIN HOMOSEXUALITY ILLEGAL GERMANY THOUGH SOMETIMES TOLERATED SOME FUNCTIONS WERE ALLOWED POLICE TOOK OPPORTUNITY REGISTER NAMES HOMOSEXUALS FUTURE REFERENCE MAGNUS HIRSCHFELD'S SCIENTIFIC-HUMANITARIAN COMMITTEE WHICH PROMOTED TOLERANCE HOMOSEXUALS GERMANY WELCOMED LESBIAN PARTICIPATION SURGE LESBIAN-THEMED WRITING POLITICAL ACTIVISM GERMAN FEMINIST MOVEMENT BECAME EVIDENT RADCLYFFE HALL'S IMAGE APPEARED MANY NEWSPAPERS DISCUSSING CONTENT WELL LONELINESS RADCLYFFE HALL PUBLISHED NOVEL TITLED WELL LONELINESS PLOT CENTERS AROUND STEPHEN GORDON WOMAN IDENTIFIES HERSELF INVERT AFTER READING KRAFFT-EBING'S PSYCHOPATHIA SEXUALIS LIVES WITHIN HOMOSEXUAL SUBCULTURE PARIS NOVEL INCLUDED FOREWORD HAVELOCK ELLIS INTENDED CALL TOLERANCE INVERTS PUBLICIZING THEIR DISADVANTAGES ACCIDENTS BEING BORN INVERTED HALL SUBSCRIBED ELLIS KRAFFT-EBING'S THEORIES REJECTED FREUD'S THEORY THAT SAME-SEX ATTRACTION CAUSED CHILDHOOD TRAUMA CURABLE PUBLICITY HALL RECEIVED UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES NOVEL TRIED OBSCENITY LONDON SPECTACULARLY SCANDALOUS EVENT DESCRIBED CRYSTALLIZING MOMENT CONSTRUCTION VISIBLE MODERN ENGLISH LESBIAN SUBCULTURE PROFESSOR LAURA DOAN NEWSPAPER STORIES FRANKLY DIVULGED THAT BOOK'S CONTENT INCLUDES SEXUAL RELATIONS BETWEEN LESBIAN WOMEN PHOTOGRAPHS HALL OFTEN ACCOMPANIED DETAILS ABOUT LESBIANS MOST MAJOR PRINT OUTLETS WITHIN SPAN MONTHS HALL REFLECTED APPEARANCE MANNISH WOMAN SHORT CROPPED HAIR TAILORED SUITS OFTEN WITH PANTS MONOCLE THAT BECAME WIDELY RECOGNIZED UNIFORM WHEN BRITISH WOMEN PARTICIPATED WORLD THEY BECAME FAMILIAR WITH MASCULINE CLOTHING WERE CONSIDERED PATRIOTIC WEARING UNIFORMS PANTS HOWEVER POSTWAR MASCULINIZATION WOMEN'S CLOTHING BECAME ASSOCIATED WITH LESBIANS HARLEM RESIDENT GLADYS BENTLEY RENOWNED BLUES SONGS ABOUT AFFAIRS WITH WOMENIN UNITED STATES DECADE SOCIAL EXPERIMENTATION PARTICULARLY WITH THIS HEAVILY INFLUENCED WRITINGS SIGMUND FREUD THEORIZED THAT SEXUAL DESIRE WOULD SATED UNCONSCIOUSLY DESPITE INDIVIDUAL'S WISH IGNORE FREUD'S THEORIES WERE MUCH MORE PERVASIVE THAN EUROPE WITH WELL-PUBLICIZED NOTION THAT SEXUAL ACTS WERE PART LESBIANISM THEIR RELATIONSHIPS SEXUAL EXPERIMENTATION WIDESPREAD LARGE CITIES THAT PROVIDED NIGHTLIFE WERE IMMENSELY POPULAR WOMEN BEGAN SEEK SEXUAL ADVENTURE BISEXUALITY BECAME CHIC PARTICULARLY AMERICA'S FIRST NEIGHBORHOODS LOCATION MORE VISITORS POSSIBILITIES HOMOSEXUAL NIGHTLIFE THAN HARLEM PREDOMINANTLY AFRICAN AMERICAN SECTION YORK CITY WHITE SLUMMERS ENJOYED JAZZ NIGHTCLUBS ANYTHING ELSE THEY WISHED BLUES SINGERS RAINEY BESSIE SMITH ETHEL WATERS GLADYS BENTLEY SANG ABOUT AFFAIRS WITH WOMEN VISITORS SUCH TALLULAH BANKHEAD BEATRICE LILLIE SOON-TO-BE-NAMED JOAN CRAWFORD HOMOSEXUALS BEGAN DRAW COMPARISONS BETWEEN THEIR NEWLY RECOGNIZED MINORITY STATUS THAT AFRICAN AMERICANS AMONG AFRICAN AMERICAN RESIDENTS HARLEM LESBIAN RELATIONSHIPS WERE COMMON TOLERATED THOUGH OVERTLY EMBRACED SOME WOMEN STAGED LAVISH WEDDING CEREMONIES EVEN FILING LICENSES USING MASCULINE NAMES WITH YORK CITY MOST WOMEN HOWEVER WERE MARRIED PARTICIPATED AFFAIRS WITH WOMEN REGULARLY BISEXUALITY MORE WIDELY ACCEPTED THAN LESBIANISM ACROSS TOWN GREENWICH VILLAGE ALSO GROWING HOMOSEXUAL COMMUNITY BOTH HARLEM GREENWICH VILLAGE PROVIDED FURNISHED ROOMS SINGLE WOMEN WHICH MAJOR FACTOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT CENTERS HOMOSEXUAL COMMUNITIES TENOR DIFFERENT GREENWICH VILLAGE THAN HARLEM HOWEVER BOHEMIANS—INTELLECTUALS REJECTED VICTORIAN IDEALS—GATHERED VILLAGE HOMOSEXUALS WERE PREDOMINANTLY MALE ALTHOUGH FIGURES SUCH POET EDNA VINCENT MILLAY SOCIAL HOST MABEL DODGE WERE KNOWN THEIR AFFAIRS WITH WOMEN PROMOTION TOLERANCE HOMOSEXUALITY WOMEN COULD VISIT HARLEM LIVE GREENWICH VILLAGE FIRST TIME WERE ABLE VISIT SALOONS WITHOUT BEING CONSIDERED PROSTITUTES EXISTENCE PUBLIC SPACE WOMEN SOCIALIZE BARS THAT WERE KNOWN CATER LESBIANS BECAME SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT PUBLIC MANIFESTATION SUBCULTURE MANY DECADES ACCORDING HISTORIAN LILLIAN FADERMAN GREAT DEPRESSIONTHE PRIMARY COMPONENT NECESSARY ENCOURAGE LESBIANS PUBLIC SEEK OTHER WOMEN ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE WHICH VIRTUALLY DISAPPEARED WITH GREAT DEPRESSION MOST WOMEN FOUND NECESSARY MARRY FRONT SUCH WHERE BOTH COULD PURSUE HOMOSEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH PUBLIC DISCRETION EXPECTED TRADITIONAL WIFE INDEPENDENT WOMEN WERE GENERALLY SEEN HOLDING JOBS THAT SHOULD HAVE SOCIAL ATTITUDE MADE VERY SMALL CLOSE-KNIT COMMUNITIES LARGE CITIES THAT CENTERED AROUND BARS WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY ISOLATING WOMEN OTHER LOCALES SPEAKING HOMOSEXUALITY CONTEXT SOCIALLY FORBIDDEN WOMEN RARELY DISCUSSED LESBIANISM EVEN AMONGST THEMSELVES THEY REFERRED OPENLY PEOPLE LIFE NOTE FREUDIAN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY PERVASIVE INFLUENCING DOCTORS CONSIDER HOMOSEXUALITY NEUROSIS AFFLICTING IMMATURE WOMEN HOMOSEXUAL SUBCULTURE DISAPPEARED GERMANY WITH RISE NAZIS WORLD WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES WORK FORCE MILITARY DURING WORLD GAVE THEM ECONOMIC SOCIAL OPTIONS THAT HELPED SHAPE LESBIAN SUBCULTURE ONSET WORLD CAUSED MASSIVE UPHEAVAL PEOPLE'S LIVES MILITARY MOBILIZATION ENGAGED MILLIONS WOMEN WERE ALSO ACCEPTED INTO MILITARY WOMEN'S ARMY CORPS WACS NAVY'S WOMEN ACCEPTED VOLUNTEER EMERGENCY SERVICE WAVES UNLIKE PROCESSES SCREEN MALE HOMOSEXUALS WHICH BEEN PLACE SINCE CREATION AMERICAN MILITARY THERE WERE METHODS IDENTIFY SCREEN LESBIANS THEY WERE INTO PLACE GRADUALLY DURING WORLD DESPITE COMMON ATTITUDES REGARDING WOMEN'S TRADITIONAL ROLES INDEPENDENT MASCULINE WOMEN WERE DIRECTLY RECRUITED MILITARY FRAILTY DISCOURAGED SOME WOMEN WERE ABLE ARRIVE RECRUITING STATION MAN'S SUIT DENY EVER HAVING BEEN LOVE WITH ANOTHER WOMAN EASILY INDUCTED SEXUAL ACTIVITY HOWEVER FORBIDDEN BLUE DISCHARGE ALMOST CERTAIN IDENTIFIED ONESELF LESBIAN WOMEN FOUND EACH OTHER THEY FORMED INTO TIGHT GROUPS BASE SOCIALIZED SERVICE CLUBS BEGAN CODE WORDS HISTORIAN ALLAN BéRUBé DOCUMENTED THAT HOMOSEXUALS ARMED FORCES EITHER CONSCIOUSLY SUBCONSCIOUSLY REFUSED IDENTIFY THEMSELVES HOMOSEXUAL LESBIAN ALSO NEVER SPOKE ABOUT OTHERS' ORIENTATION MOST MASCULINE WOMEN WERE NECESSARILY COMMON THOUGH THEY WERE VISIBLE THEY TENDED ATTRACT WOMEN INTERESTED FINDING OTHER LESBIANS WOMEN BROACH SUBJECT ABOUT THEIR INTEREST OTHER WOMEN CAREFULLY SOMETIMES TAKING DAYS DEVELOP COMMON UNDERSTANDING WITHOUT ASKING STATING ANYTHING OUTRIGHT WOMEN ENTER MILITARY WERE AGGRESSIVELY CALLED UPON TAKE INDUSTRIAL JOBS LEFT ORDER CONTINUE NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY INCREASED MOBILITY SOPHISTICATION INDEPENDENCE MANY WOMEN DURING AFTER MADE POSSIBLE WOMEN LIVE WITHOUT HUSBANDS SOMETHING THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN FEASIBLE UNDER DIFFERENT ECONOMIC SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES FURTHER SHAPING LESBIAN NETWORKS ENVIRONMENTS POSTWAR YEARS FIRST EDITION LADDER MAILED HUNDREDS WOMEN FRANCISCO AREA URGED WOMEN TAKE THEIR MASKS FOLLOWING WORLD NATIONWIDE MOVEMENT PRESSED RETURN PRE-WAR SOCIETY QUICKLY POSSIBLE WHEN COMBINED WITH INCREASING NATIONAL PARANOIA ABOUT COMMUNISM PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY THAT BECOME PERVASIVE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE HOMOSEXUALITY BECAME UNDESIRED CHARACTERISTIC EMPLOYEES WORKING GOVERNMENT HOMOSEXUALS WERE THOUGHT VULNERABLE TARGETS BLACKMAIL GOVERNMENT PURGED EMPLOYMENT RANKS OPEN HOMOSEXUALS BEGINNING WIDESPREAD EFFORT GATHER INTELLIGENCE ABOUT EMPLOYEES' PRIVATE LIVES STATE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS FOLLOWED SUIT ARRESTING PEOPLE CONGREGATING BARS PARKS ENACTING LAWS AGAINST CROSS-DRESSING WOMEN MILITARY GOVERNMENT CONDUCTED MANY INTERROGATIONS ASKING WOMEN EVER SEXUAL RELATIONS WITH ANOTHER WOMAN ESSENTIALLY EQUATING EVEN ONE-TIME EXPERIENCE CRIMINAL IDENTITY THEREBY SEVERELY DELINEATING HETEROSEXUALS FROM HOMOSEXUALS HOMOSEXUALITY LISTED PATHOLOGICAL EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION'S DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL VIEW THAT HOMOSEXUALITY CURABLE SICKNESS WIDELY BELIEVED MEDICAL COMMUNITY GENERAL POPULATION AMONG MANY LESBIANS THEMSELVES ATTITUDES PRACTICES FERRET HOMOSEXUALS PUBLIC SERVICE POSITIONS EXTENDED AUSTRALIA CANADA SECTION CREATE OFFENCE GROSS INDECENCY BETWEEN FEMALES ADDED BILL UNITED KINGDOM HOUSE COMMONS PASSED THERE REJECTED HOUSE LORDS APPARENTLY BECAUSE THEY WERE CONCERNED ATTENTION PAID SEXUAL MISCONDUCT WOULD ALSO PROMOTE UNDERGROUND SOCIALIZINGVERY LITTLE INFORMATION AVAILABLE ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY BEYOND MEDICAL PSYCHIATRIC TEXTS COMMUNITY MEETING PLACES CONSISTED BARS THAT WERE COMMONLY RAIDED POLICE ONCE MONTH AVERAGE WITH THOSE ARRESTED EXPOSED NEWSPAPERS RESPONSE EIGHT WOMEN FRANCISCO THEIR LIVING ROOMS SOCIALIZE HAVE PLACE DANCE WHEN THEY DECIDED MAKE REGULAR MEETING THEY BECAME FIRST ORGANIZATION LESBIANS TITLED DAUGHTERS BILITIS BEGAN PUBLISHING MAGAZINE TITLED LADDER INSIDE FRONT COVER EVERY ISSUE THEIR MISSION STATEMENT FIRST WHICH STATED EDUCATION VARIANT INTENDED PROVIDE WOMEN WITH KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY—SPECIFICALLY RELATING WOMEN FAMOUS LESBIANS HISTORY HOWEVER TERM LESBIAN SUCH NEGATIVE MEANING THAT REFUSED DESCRIPTOR CHOOSING VARIANT INSTEAD SPREAD CHICAGO YORK ANGELES LADDER MAILED HUNDREDS—EVENTUALLY THOUSANDS—OF MEMBERS DISCUSSING NATURE HOMOSEXUALITY SOMETIMES CHALLENGING IDEA THAT SICKNESS WITH READERS OFFERING THEIR REASONS THEY WERE LESBIANS SUGGESTING WAYS COPE WITH CONDITION SOCIETY'S RESPONSE BRITISH LESBIANS FOLLOWED WITH PUBLICATION ARENA THREE BEGINNING WITH SIMILAR MISSION THOUGH MARKETED HETEROSEXUAL LESBIAN PULP FICTION PROVIDED IDENTITY ISOLATED WOMEN BUTCH FEMME DICHOTOMYFURTHER INFORMATION BUTCH FEMME REFLECTION CATEGORIES SEXUALITY SHARPLY DEFINED GOVERNMENT SOCIETY LARGE LESBIAN SUBCULTURE DEVELOPED EXTREMELY RIGID GENDER ROLES BETWEEN WOMEN PARTICULARLY AMONG WORKING CLASS CANADA ALTHOUGH MANY MUNICIPALITIES ENACTED LAWS AGAINST CROSS-DRESSING SOME WOMEN WOULD SOCIALIZE BARS BUTCHES DRESSED MEN'S CLOTHING MIRRORING TRADITIONAL MASCULINE BEHAVIOR OTHERS WORE TRADITIONALLY FEMININE CLOTHING ASSUMED MORE DIMINUTIVE ROLE FEMMES BUTCH FEMME MODES SOCIALIZATION WERE INTEGRAL WITHIN LESBIAN BARS THAT WOMEN REFUSED CHOOSE BETWEEN WOULD IGNORED LEAST UNABLE DATE ANYONE BUTCH WOMEN BECOMING ROMANTICALLY INVOLVED WITH OTHER BUTCH WOMEN FEMMES WITH OTHER FEMMES UNACCEPTABLE BUTCH WOMEN WERE NOVELTY EVEN HARLEM GREENWICH VILLAGE SOME WOMEN ASSUMED THESE PERSONAE HOWEVER ROLES WERE PERVASIVE LIMITED NORTH AMERICA FROM BUTCH FEMME CULTURE FLOURISHED BRITAIN THOUGH THERE WERE FEWER CLASS DISTINCTIONS THEY FURTHER IDENTIFIED MEMBERS GROUP THAT BEEN MARGINALIZED WOMEN BEEN REJECTED MOST SOCIETY INSIDE VIEW EXCLUSIVE GROUP PEOPLE THAT TOOK HIGH AMOUNT KNOWLEDGE FUNCTION BUTCH FEMME WERE CONSIDERED COARSE AMERICAN LESBIANS HIGHER SOCIAL STANDING DURING THIS PERIOD MANY WEALTHIER WOMEN MARRIED SATISFY THEIR FAMILIAL OBLIGATIONS OTHERS ESCAPED EUROPE LIVE EXPATRIATES LESBIAN THEMED FICTIONREGARDLESS LACK INFORMATION ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY SCHOLARLY TEXTS ANOTHER FORUM LEARNING ABOUT LESBIANISM GROWING PAPERBACK BOOK TITLED WOMEN'S BARRACKS DESCRIBING WOMAN'S EXPERIENCES FREE FRENCH FORCES PUBLISHED TOLD LESBIAN RELATIONSHIP AUTHOR WITNESSED AFTER MILLION COPIES WERE SOLD CONSEQUENTLY NAMED HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE CURRENT PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS PUBLISHER GOLD MEDAL BOOKS FOLLOWED WITH NOVEL SPRING FIRE WHICH SOLD MILLION COPIES GOLD MEDAL BOOKS OVERWHELMED WITH MAIL FROM WOMEN WRITING ABOUT SUBJECT MATTER FOLLOWED WITH MORE BOOKS CREATING GENRE LESBIAN PULP FICTION BETWEEN OVER BOOKS WERE PUBLISHED USING LESBIANISM TOPIC THEY WERE SOLD CORNER DRUGSTORES TRAIN STATIONS STOPS NEWSSTANDS OVER CANADA MOST WERE WRITTEN ALMOST WERE MARKETED HETEROSEXUAL CODED WORDS IMAGES WERE USED COVERS INSTEAD LESBIAN TERMS SUCH STRANGE TWILIGHT QUEER THIRD WERE USED TITLES COVER INVARIABLY SALACIOUS HANDFUL LESBIAN PULP FICTION AUTHORS WERE WOMEN WRITING LESBIANS INCLUDING BANNON VALERIE TAYLOR PAULA CHRISTIAN PACKER ALDRICH BANNON ALSO PURCHASED LESBIAN PULP FICTION LATER STATED THAT WOMEN IDENTIFIED MATERIAL ICONICALLY COVER MANY BOOKS USED CULTURAL REFERENCES NAMING PLACES TERMS DESCRIBING MODES DRESS OTHER CODES ISOLATED WOMEN RESULT PULP FICTION HELPED PROLIFERATE LESBIAN IDENTITY SIMULTANEOUSLY LESBIANS HETEROSEXUAL READERS SECOND WAVE FEMINISMTHE SOCIAL RIGIDITY EARLY ENCOUNTERED BACKLASH SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IMPROVE STANDING AFRICAN AMERICANS POOR WOMEN GAYS BECAME PROMINENT LATTER RIGHTS MOVEMENT FEMINIST MOVEMENT CONNECTED AFTER VIOLENT CONFRONTATION OCCURRED YORK CITY STONEWALL RIOTS WHAT FOLLOWED MOVEMENT CHARACTERIZED SURGE ACTIVISM FEMINIST CONSCIOUSNESS THAT FURTHER TRANSFORMED DEFINITION LESBIAN SEXUAL REVOLUTION INTRODUCED DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN IDENTITY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR WOMEN MANY WOMEN TOOK ADVANTAGE THEIR SOCIAL FREEDOM EXPERIENCES WOMEN PREVIOUSLY IDENTIFIED HETEROSEXUAL TRIED SLEEPING WITH WOMEN THOUGH MANY MAINTAINED THEIR HETEROSEXUAL IDENTITY HOWEVER WITH ADVENT SECOND WAVE FEMINISM LESBIAN POLITICAL IDENTITY GREW DESCRIBE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY AMONG WOMEN OFTEN OVERSHADOWING SEXUAL DESIRE DEFINING TRAIT MILITANT FEMINIST ORGANIZATION NAMED RADICALESBIANS PUBLISHED MANIFESTO ENTITLED WOMAN-IDENTIFIED WOMAN THAT DECLARED LESBIAN RAGE WOMEN CONDENSED POINT EXPLOSION NOTE MILITANT FEMINISTS EXPRESSED THEIR DISDAIN WITH INHERENTLY SEXIST PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY CONCLUDED MOST EFFECTIVE OVERCOME SEXISM ATTAIN EQUALITY WOMEN WOULD DENY POWER PLEASURE FROM WOMEN WOMEN SUBSCRIBED THIS PHILOSOPHY—DUBBING THEMSELVES LESBIAN-FEMINISTS—LESBIAN TERM CHOSEN WOMEN DESCRIBE WOMAN DEDICATED APPROACH SOCIAL INTERACTION POLITICAL MOTIVATION WELFARE WOMEN SEXUAL DESIRE DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC LESBIAN-FEMINIST RATHER FOCUS POLITICS INDEPENDENCE FROM OPPRESSORS CENTRAL TENET LESBIAN-FEMINISM MANY BELIEVERS STROVE SEPARATE THEMSELVES PHYSICALLY ECONOMICALLY FROM TRADITIONAL MALE-CENTERED CULTURE IDEAL SOCIETY NAMED LESBIAN NATION WOMAN LESBIAN WERE INTERCHANGEABLE POET ESSAYIST ADRIENNE RICH EXPANDED UPON POLITICAL MEANING LESBIAN PROPOSING CONTINUUM LESBIAN EXISTENCE BASED WOMAN-IDENTIFIED EXPERIENCE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WOMEN RICH PROPOSED HAVE SOME LESBIAN ELEMENT REGARDLESS THEY CLAIM LESBIAN IDENTITY MOTHERS DAUGHTERS WOMEN WORK TOGETHER WOMEN NURSE EACH OTHER EXAMPLE SUCH PERCEPTION WOMEN RELATING EACH OTHER CONNECTS THEM THROUGH TIME ACROSS CULTURES RICH CONSIDERED HETEROSEXUALITY CONDITION FORCED UPON WOMEN SEVERAL YEARS EARLIER FOUNDERS MARTIN PHYLLIS LYON SIMILARLY RELEGATED SEXUAL ACTS UNNECESSARY DETERMINING WHAT LESBIAN PROVIDING THEIR DEFINITION WOMAN WHOSE PRIMARY EROTIC PSYCHOLOGICAL EMOTIONAL SOCIAL INTEREST MEMBER EVEN THOUGH THAT INTEREST OVERTLY EXPRESSED ALTHOUGH LESBIAN-FEMINISM SIGNIFICANT SHIFT LESBIANS AGREED WITH LESBIAN-FEMINISM YOUTH-ORIENTED MOVEMENT MEMBERS WERE PRIMARILY COLLEGE EDUCATED WITH EXPERIENCE LEFT RADICAL CAUSES THEY SEEN SUCCESS PERSUADING RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS TAKE WOMEN'S ISSUES MANY OLDER LESBIANS ACKNOWLEDGED THEIR SEXUALITY MORE CONSERVATIVE TIMES FELT MAINTAINING THEIR WAYS COPING HOMOPHOBIC WORLD MORE APPROPRIATE DAUGHTERS BILITIS FOLDED OVER WHICH DIRECTION FOCUS FEMINISM RIGHTS ISSUES EQUALITY PRIORITY LESBIAN-FEMINISTS DISPARITY ROLES BETWEEN WOMEN BUTCH FEMME WERE VIEWED PATRIARCHAL LESBIAN-FEMINISTS ESCHEWED GENDER ROLE PLAY THAT BEEN PERVASIVE BARS WELL PERCEIVED CHAUVINISM MANY LESBIAN-FEMINISTS REFUSED WORK WITH TAKE THEIR CAUSES HOWEVER LESBIANS HELD MORE ESSENTIALIST VIEW THAT THEY BEEN BORN HOMOSEXUAL USED DESCRIPTOR LESBIAN DEFINE SEXUAL ATTRACTION OFTEN CONSIDERED SEPARATIST ANGRY OPINIONS LESBIAN-FEMINISTS DETRIMENTAL CAUSE RIGHTS OUTSIDE WESTERN CULTUREFURTHER INFORMATION LGBT RIGHTS COUNTRY TERRITORY MIDDLE EASTFURTHER INFORMATION LGBT ISLAM FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR PRESENT EVERY CULTURE ALTHOUGH CONCEPT LESBIAN WOMAN PAIRS EXCLUSIVELY WITH OTHER WOMEN ATTITUDES ABOUT FEMALE HOMOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR DEPENDENT UPON WOMEN'S ROLES EACH SOCIETY EACH CULTURE'S DEFINITION WOMEN MIDDLE EAST HAVE BEEN HISTORICALLY SEGREGATED FROM CENTURIES SOME EXTRAORDINARY WOMEN DRESSED MALE ATTIRE WHEN GENDER ROLES WERE LESS STRICT SEXUAL ROLES THAT ACCOMPANIED EUROPEAN WOMEN WERE ASSOCIATED WITH ISLAMIC WOMEN CALIPHAL COURT BAGHDAD FEATURED WOMEN DRESSED INCLUDING FALSE FACIAL HAIR THEY COMPETED WITH OTHER WOMEN ATTENTIONS HIGHLY INTELLIGENT WOMEN ACCORDING CENTURY WRITINGS SHARIF AL-IDRISI WERE MORE LIKELY LESBIANS THEIR INTELLECTUAL PROWESS THEM MORE EVEN WITH RELATIONS BETWEEN WOMEN LIVED HAREMS FEARS WOMEN BEING SEXUALLY INTIMATE TURKISH BATHS WERE EXPRESSED WRITINGS WOMEN HOWEVER WERE MOSTLY SILENT LIKEWISE RARELY WROTE ABOUT LESBIAN RELATIONSHIPS UNCLEAR HISTORIANS RARE INSTANCES LESBIANISM MENTIONED LITERATURE ACCURATE HISTORICAL RECORD INTENDED SERVE FANTASIES TREATISE ABOUT REPRESSION IRAN ASSERTED THAT WOMEN WERE COMPLETELY SILENCED WHOLE IRANIAN HISTORY WOMAN BEEN ALLOWED SPEAK SUCH TENDENCIES ATTEST LESBIAN DESIRES WOULD UNFORGIVABLE CRIME ALTHOUGH AUTHORS ISLAMIC HOMOSEXUALITIES ARGUED THIS MEAN WOMEN COULD ENGAGE LESBIAN RELATIONSHIPS LESBIAN ANTHROPOLOGIST VISITED YEMEN REPORTED THAT WOMEN TOWN VISITED WERE UNABLE COMPREHEND ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP ANOTHER WOMAN WOMEN PAKISTAN EXPECTED MARRY THOSE OSTRACIZED WOMEN HOWEVER HAVE INTIMATE RELATIONS WITH OTHER WOMEN LONG THEIR WIFELY DUTIES THEIR PRIVATE MATTERS KEPT QUIET WOMAN WITH WHOM THEY INVOLVED SOMEHOW RELATED FAMILY LOGICAL INTEREST LOVER UNITED NATIONS ESTIMATE NUMBER HONOR KILLINGS WORLD YEAR MANY WOMEN'S GROUPS MIDDLE EAST SOUTHWEST ASIA SUSPECT THAT MORE THAN WOMEN HONOR KILLED WORLD EACH YEAR AMERICASINDIGENOUS PEOPLE NORTH SOUTH AMERICA CONCEPTUALIZED THIRD GENDER MEN-WOMEN WOMEN-MEN THESE ROLES WERE RECORDED COAHUILTECAN INDIANS TEXAS TIMUCUAN FLORIDA CUEVA PANAMA CREE TERM TOOK ROLE WOMAN AYEKKWEW ZUNI WORD WOMAN TOOK ROLE KATSOTSE BOY-GIRL MOHAVE GIVE WOMEN TERM HWAME CROSS-GENDER ROLES HAVE LESS WITH SEXUALITY THAN WITH SPIRITUALITY OCCUPATION TWO-SPIRIT WOMAN RELATIONSHIP WITH CROSS-GENDER WOMAN THOUGHT HETERO-GENDER RELATIONSHIP LATIN AMERICA LESBIAN CONSCIOUSNESS ASSOCIATIONS APPEARED INCREASING WHILE SEVERAL COUNTRIES TRANSITIONED REFORMED DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS HARASSMENT INTIMIDATION HAVE BEEN COMMON EVEN PLACES WHERE HOMOSEXUALITY LEGAL LAWS AGAINST CHILD CORRUPTION MORALITY GOOD WAYS FALTAS MORAL BUENAS COSTUMBRES HAVE BEEN USED PERSECUTE HOMOSEXUALS FROM HISPANIC PERSPECTIVE CONFLICT BETWEEN LESBOPHOBIA FEMINISTS MISOGYNY FROM CREATED DIFFICULT PATH LESBIANS ASSOCIATED GROUPS ARGENTINA FIRST LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRY WITH RIGHTS GROUP NUESTRO MUNDO WORLD CREATED MOSTLY SECRET ORGANIZATIONS CONCENTRATING LESBIAN ISSUES WERE FOUNDED AROUND THIS TIME PERSECUTION HARASSMENT WERE CONTINUOUS GREW WORSE WITH DICTATORSHIP JORGE RAFAEL VIDELA WHEN GROUPS WERE DISSOLVED DIRTY LESBIAN RIGHTS GROUPS HAVE GRADUALLY FORMED SINCE BUILD COHESIVE COMMUNITY THAT WORKS OVERCOME PHILOSOPHICAL DIFFERENCES WITH HETEROSEXUAL WOMEN LATIN AMERICAN LESBIAN MOVEMENT BEEN MOST ACTIVE MEXICO ENCOUNTERED SIMILAR PROBLEMS EFFECTIVENESS COHESION WHILE GROUPS PROMOTE LESBIAN ISSUES CONCERNS THEY ALSO FACE MISOGYNISTIC ATTITUDES FROM HOMOPHOBIC VIEWS FROM HETEROSEXUAL WOMEN LESBOS FIRST LESBIAN ORGANIZATION MEXICANS FORMED SEVERAL INCARNATIONS POLITICAL GROUPS PROMOTING LESBIAN ISSUES HAVE EVOLVED LESBIAN ORGANIZATIONS WERE ACTIVE MEXICO CITY ULTIMATELY HOWEVER LESBIAN ASSOCIATIONS HAVE LITTLE INFLUENCE BOTH HOMOSEXUAL FEMINIST MOVEMENTS CHILE DICTATORSHIP AUGUSTO PINOCHET FORBADE CREATION LESBIAN GROUPS UNTIL WHEN AYUQUELéN BEING MAPUCHE FIRST FOUNDED PROMPTED VERY PUBLIC BEATING DEATH WOMAN AMID SHOUTS DAMNED LESBIAN FROM ATTACKER LESBIAN MOVEMENT BEEN CLOSELY ASSOCIATED WITH FEMINIST MOVEMENT CHILE ALTHOUGH RELATIONSHIP BEEN SOMETIMES STRAINED AYUQUELéN WORKED WITH INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN INFORMATION SERVICE INTERNATIONAL LESBIAN BISEXUAL TRANS INTERSEX ASSOCIATION CHILEAN RIGHTS GROUP MOVIMIENTO INTEGRACIóN LIBERACIóN HOMOSEXUAL MOVEMENT INTEGRATE LIBERATE HOMOSEXUALS REMOVE SODOMY STILL FORCE CHILE LESBIAN CONSCIOUSNESS BEGAN NICARAGUA WHEN SANDINISTA NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT EXPELLED LESBIANS FROM

Thanks to KASZëBSEN MACTUGH for these words.

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