Seed Words for Space 2
ASTROPHYSICS FROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA REDIRECTED FROM ASTROPHYSICIST JOURNAL ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL TYPICAL SPIRAL GALAXY CONSTELLATION COMA BERENICES ABOUT LIGHT-YEARS DIAMETER APPROXIMATELY MILLION LIGHT-YEARS DISTANT PHYSICS MASS–ENERGY EQUIVALENCE HISTORY PHYSICS BRANCHES SHOW RESEARCH FIELDS SHOW PAST EXPERIMENTS SHOW CURRENT EXPERIMENTS SHOW SCIENTISTS SHOW ASTROPHYSICS GREEK ASTRO MEANING STAR GREEK PHYSIS MEANING NATURE BRANCH ASTRONOMY THAT DEALS WITH PHYSICS UNIVERSE INCLUDING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CELESTIAL OBJECTS WELL THEIR INTERACTIONS BEHAVIOR AMONG OBJECTS STUDIED GALAXIES STARS PLANETS EXOPLANETS INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND THEIR EMISSIONS EXAMINED ACROSS PARTS ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM PROPERTIES EXAMINED INCLUDE LUMINOSITY DENSITY TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BECAUSE ASTROPHYSICS VERY BROAD SUBJECT ASTROPHYSICISTS TYPICALLY APPLY MANY DISCIPLINES PHYSICS INCLUDING MECHANICS ELECTROMAGNETISM STATISTICAL MECHANICS THERMODYNAMICS QUANTUM MECHANICS RELATIVITY NUCLEAR PARTICLE PHYSICS ATOMIC MOLECULAR PHYSICS PRACTICE MODERN ASTRONOMICAL RESEARCH INVOLVES SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNT PHYSICS NAME UNIVERSITY'S DEPARTMENT ASTROPHYSICS ASTRONOMY OFTEN MORE WITH DEPARTMENT'S HISTORY THAN WITH CONTENTS PROGRAMS ASTROPHYSICS STUDIED BACHELORS MASTERS LEVELS AEROSPACE ENGINEERING PHYSICS ASTRONOMY DEPARTMENTS MANY UNIVERSITIES CONTENTS HIDE HISTORY OBSERVATIONAL ASTROPHYSICS THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT HISTORY ALTHOUGH ASTRONOMY ANCIENT RECORDED HISTORY ITSELF LONG SEPARATED FROM STUDY PHYSICS ARISTOTELIAN WORLDVIEW CELESTIAL WORLD TENDED TOWARDS PERFECTION—BODIES SEEMED PERFECT SPHERES MOVING PERFECTLY CIRCULAR ORBITS—WHILE EARTHLY WORLD SEEMED DESTINED IMPERFECTION THESE REALMS WERE SEEN RELATED ARISTARCHUS SAMOS FIRST FORWARD NOTION THAT MOTIONS CELESTIAL BODIES COULD EXPLAINED ASSUMING THAT EARTH OTHER PLANETS SOLAR SYSTEM ORBITED UNFORTUNATELY GEOCENTRIC WORLD TIME ARISTARCHUS' HELIOCENTRIC THEORY DEEMED OUTLANDISH HERETICAL CENTURIES APPARENTLY COMMON-SENSE VIEW THAT OTHER PLANETS WENT ROUND EARTH NEARLY WENT UNQUESTIONED UNTIL DEVELOPMENT COPERNICAN HELIOCENTRISM CENTURY THIS DOMINANCE GEOCENTRIC MODEL DEVELOPED PTOLEMY HELLENIZED ASTRONOMER FROM ROMAN EGYPT ALMAGEST TREATISE ONLY KNOWN SUPPORTER ARISTARCHUS SELEUCUS SELEUCIA BABYLONIAN ASTRONOMER SAID HAVE PROVED HELIOCENTRISM THROUGH REASONING CENTURY THIS HAVE INVOLVED PHENOMENON TIDES WHICH CORRECTLY THEORIZED CAUSED ATTRACTION MOON NOTES THAT HEIGHT TIDES DEPENDS MOON'S POSITION RELATIVE ALTERNATIVELY HAVE DETERMINED CONSTANTS GEOMETRIC MODEL HELIOCENTRIC THEORY DEVELOPED METHODS COMPUTE PLANETARY POSITIONS USING THIS MODEL POSSIBLY USING EARLY TRIGONOMETRIC METHODS THAT WERE AVAILABLE TIME MUCH LIKE COPERNICUS WAERDEN INTERPRETED PLANETARY MODELS DEVELOPED ARYABHATA INDIAN ASTRONOMER MA'SHAR AL-BALKHI PERSIAN ASTRONOMER HELIOCENTRIC MODELS THIS VIEW BEEN STRONGLY DISPUTED OTHERS EARLY CENTURY ARABIC AL-HAYTHAM ALHAZEN WROTE MAQALA AL-QAMAR LIGHT MOON SOME TIME BEFORE CONCLUDED THAT EMITS LIGHT FROM THOSE PORTIONS SURFACE WHICH SUN'S LIGHT STRIKES AFTER HELIOCENTRISM REVIVED NICOLAUS COPERNICUS CENTURY GALILEO GALILEI DISCOVERED FOUR BRIGHTEST MOONS JUPITER DOCUMENTED THEIR ORBITS ABOUT THAT PLANET WHICH CONTRADICTED GEOCENTRIC DOCTRINE CATHOLIC CHURCH TIME ESCAPED SERIOUS PUNISHMENT ONLY MAINTAINING THAT ASTRONOMY WORK MATHEMATICS NATURAL PHILOSOPHY PHYSICS THEREFORE PURELY ABSTRACT AVAILABILITY ACCURATE OBSERVATIONAL DATA MAINLY FROM OBSERVATORY TYCHO BRAHE RESEARCH INTO THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OBSERVED BEHAVIOR FIRST ONLY EMPIRICAL RULES WERE DISCOVERED SUCH KEPLER'S LAWS PLANETARY MOTION DISCOVERED START CENTURY LATER THAT CENTURY ISAAC NEWTON BRIDGED BETWEEN KEPLER'S LAWS GALILEO'S DYNAMICS DISCOVERING THAT SAME LAWS THAT RULE DYNAMICS OBJECTS EARTH RULE MOTION PLANETS MOON CELESTIAL MECHANICS APPLICATION NEWTONIAN GRAVITY NEWTON'S LAWS EXPLAIN KEPLER'S LAWS PLANETARY MOTION FIRST UNIFICATION ASTRONOMY PHYSICS AFTER ISAAC NEWTON PUBLISHED BOOK PHILOSOPHIć NATURALIS PRINCIPIA MATHEMATICA MARITIME NAVIGATION TRANSFORMED STARTING AROUND ENTIRE WORLD MEASURED USING ESSENTIALLY MODERN LATITUDE INSTRUMENTS BEST AVAILABLE CLOCKS NEEDS NAVIGATION PROVIDED DRIVE PROGRESSIVELY MORE ACCURATE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS INSTRUMENTS PROVIDING BACKGROUND EVER MORE AVAILABLE DATA SCIENTISTS CENTURY DISCOVERED THAT WHEN DECOMPOSING LIGHT FROM MULTITUDE SPECTRAL LINES WERE OBSERVED REGIONS WHERE THERE LESS LIGHT EXPERIMENTS WITH GASES SHOWED THAT SAME LINES COULD OBSERVED SPECTRA GASES SPECIFIC LINES CORRESPONDING UNIQUE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS THIS PROVED THAT CHEMICAL ELEMENTS FOUND CHIEFLY HYDROGEN WERE ALSO FOUND EARTH INDEED ELEMENT HELIUM FIRST DISCOVERED SPECTRUM ONLY LATER EARTH HENCE NAME DURING CENTURY SPECTROSCOPY STUDY THESE SPECTRAL LINES ADVANCED PARTICULARLY RESULT ADVENT QUANTUM PHYSICS THAT NECESSARY UNDERSTAND ASTRONOMICAL EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ALSO TIMELINE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT GALAXIES CLUSTERS GALAXIES LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE TIMELINE WHITE DWARFS NEUTRON STARS SUPERNOVAE TIMELINE BLACK HOLE PHYSICS TIMELINE GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS RELATIVITY EDIT OBSERVATIONAL ASTROPHYSICS MAJORITY ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS MADE USING ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM RADIO ASTRONOMY STUDIES RADIATION WITH WAVELENGTH GREATER THAN MILLIMETERS EXAMPLE AREAS STUDY RADIO WAVES USUALLY EMITTED COLD OBJECTS SUCH INTERSTELLAR DUST CLOUDS COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION WHICH REDSHIFTED LIGHT FROM BANG PULSARS WHICH WERE FIRST DETECTED MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES STUDY THESE WAVES REQUIRES VERY LARGE RADIO TELESCOPES INFRARED ASTRONOMY STUDIES RADIATION WITH WAVELENGTH THAT LONG VISIBLE NAKED SHORTER THAN RADIO WAVES INFRARED OBSERVATIONS USUALLY MADE WITH TELESCOPES SIMILAR FAMILIAR OPTICAL TELESCOPES OBJECTS COLDER THAN STARS SUCH PLANETS NORMALLY STUDIED INFRARED FREQUENCIES OPTICAL ASTRONOMY OLDEST KIND ASTRONOMY TELESCOPES PAIRED WITH CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE SPECTROSCOPES MOST COMMON INSTRUMENTS USED EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE INTERFERES SOMEWHAT WITH OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS ADAPTIVE OPTICS SPACE TELESCOPES USED OBTAIN HIGHEST POSSIBLE IMAGE QUALITY THIS WAVELENGTH RANGE STARS HIGHLY VISIBLE MANY CHEMICAL SPECTRA OBSERVED STUDY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION STARS GALAXIES NEBULAE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA ASTRONOMY STUDY VERY ENERGETIC PROCESSES SUCH BINARY PULSARS BLACK HOLES MAGNETARS MANY OTHERS THESE KINDS RADIATION PENETRATE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE WELL THERE METHODS OBSERVE THIS PART ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM—SPACE-BASED TELESCOPES GROUND-BASED IMAGING CHERENKOV TELESCOPES IACT EXAMPLES OBSERVATORIES FIRST TYPE RXTE CHANDRA X-RAY OBSERVATORY COMPTON GAMMA OBSERVATORY EXAMPLES IACTS HIGH ENERGY STEREOSCOPIC SYSTEM MAGIC TELESCOPE OTHER THAN ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION THINGS OBSERVED FROM EARTH THAT ORIGINATE FROM GREAT DISTANCES GRAVITATIONAL WAVE OBSERVATORIES HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED GRAVITATIONAL WAVES EXTREMELY DIFFICULT DETECT NEUTRINO OBSERVATORIES HAVE ALSO BEEN BUILT PRIMARILY STUDY COSMIC RAYS CONSISTING VERY HIGH ENERGY PARTICLES OBSERVED HITTING EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE OBSERVATIONS ALSO VARY THEIR TIME SCALE MOST OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS TAKE MINUTES HOURS PHENOMENA THAT CHANGE FASTER THAN THIS CANNOT READILY OBSERVED HOWEVER HISTORICAL DATA SOME OBJECTS AVAILABLE SPANNING CENTURIES MILLENNIA OTHER HAND RADIO OBSERVATIONS LOOK EVENTS MILLISECOND TIMESCALE MILLISECOND PULSARS COMBINE YEARS DATA PULSAR DECELERATION STUDIES INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THESE DIFFERENT TIMESCALES VERY DIFFERENT STUDY VERY SPECIAL PLACE OBSERVATIONAL ASTROPHYSICS TREMENDOUS DISTANCE OTHER STARS OBSERVED KIND DETAIL UNPARALLELED OTHER STAR UNDERSTANDING SERVES GUIDE UNDERSTANDING OTHER STARS TOPIC STARS CHANGE STELLAR EVOLUTION OFTEN MODELED PLACING VARIETIES STAR TYPES THEIR RESPECTIVE POSITIONS HERTZSPRUNG-RUSSELL DIAGRAM WHICH VIEWED REPRESENTING STATE STELLAR OBJECT FROM BIRTH DESTRUCTION MATERIAL COMPOSITION ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS OFTEN EXAMINED USING SPECTROSCOPY RADIO ASTRONOMY NEUTRINO ASTRONOMY FUTURE PROSPECTS EDIT THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS STREAM LINES THIS SIMULATION SUPERNOVA SHOW FLOW MATTER BEHIND SHOCK WAVE GIVING CLUES ORIGIN PULSARS THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICISTS WIDE VARIETY TOOLS WHICH INCLUDE ANALYTICAL MODELS EXAMPLE POLYTROPES APPROXIMATE BEHAVIORS STAR COMPUTATIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS EACH SOME ADVANTAGES ANALYTICAL MODELS PROCESS GENERALLY BETTER GIVING INSIGHT INTO HEART WHAT GOING NUMERICAL MODELS REVEAL EXISTENCE PHENOMENA EFFECTS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE SEEN THEORISTS ASTROPHYSICS ENDEAVOR CREATE THEORETICAL MODELS FIGURE OBSERVATIONAL CONSEQUENCES THOSE MODELS THIS HELPS ALLOW OBSERVERS LOOK DATA THAT REFUTE MODEL HELP CHOOSING BETWEEN SEVERAL ALTERNATE CONFLICTING MODELS THEORISTS ALSO GENERATE MODIFY MODELS TAKE INTO ACCOUNT DATA CASE INCONSISTENCY GENERAL TENDENCY MAKE MINIMAL MODIFICATIONS MODEL DATA SOME CASES LARGE AMOUNT INCONSISTENT DATA OVER TIME LEAD TOTAL ABANDONMENT MODEL TOPICS STUDIED THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICISTS INCLUDE STELLAR DYNAMICS EVOLUTION GALAXY FORMATION MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURE MATTER UNIVERSE ORIGIN COSMIC RAYS GENERAL RELATIVITY PHYSICAL COSMOLOGY INCLUDING STRING COSMOLOGY ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS ASTROPHYSICAL RELATIVITY SERVES TOOL GAUGE PROPERTIES LARGE SCALE STRUCTURES WHICH GRAVITATION PLAYS SIGNIFICANT ROLE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA INVESTIGATED BASIS BLACK HOLE ASTRO PHYSICS STUDY GRAVITATIONAL WAVES SOME WIDELY ACCEPTED STUDIED THEORIES MODELS ASTROPHYSICS INCLUDED LAMBDA-CDM MODEL BANG COSMIC INFLATION DARK MATTER DARK ENERGY FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES PHYSICS WORMHOLES EXAMPLES HYPOTHESES WHICH PROVEN EDIT ALSO PHYSICS PORTAL ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES IMPORTANT PUBLICATIONS ASTROPHYSICS LIST ASTROPHYSICISTS NUCLEOSYNTHESIS PARTICLE ACCELERATOR ASTRODYNAMICS STELLAR PHYSICS ASTROCHEMISTRY BREMSSTRAHLUNG EDIT REFERENCES ASTROPHYSICS MERRIAM-WEBSTER INCORPORATED ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL JUNE RETRIEVED LUCIO RUSSO FLUSSI RIFLUSSI FELTRINELLI MILANO ISBN BARTEL LEENDERT WAERDEN HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM GREEK PERSIAN HINDU ASTRONOMY ANNALS YORK ACADEMY SCIENCES BARTEL LEENDERT WAERDEN HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM GREEK PERSIAN HINDU ASTRONOMY ANNALS YORK ACADEMY SCIENCES BARTEL LEENDERT WAERDEN HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM GREEK PERSIAN HINDU ASTRONOMY ANNALS YORK ACADEMY SCIENCES NOEL SWERDLOW JUNE REVIEW LOST MONUMENT INDIAN ASTRONOMY REVIEW WAERDEN HELIOZENTRISCHE SYSTEM GRIECHISCHEN PERSISCHEN INDISCHEN ASTRONOMIE ISIS DAVID PINGREE GREEK INFLUENCE EARLY ISLAMIC MATHEMATICAL ASTRONOMY JOURNAL AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY DENNIS DUKE EQUANT INDIA MATHEMATICAL BASIS ANCIENT INDIAN PLANETARY MODELS ARCHIVE HISTORY EXACT SCIENCES TOOMER DECEMBER REVIEW AL-HAYTHAMS PHYSIK MATTHIAS SCHRAMM ISIS FRONTIERS ASTROPHYSICS WORKSHOP SUMMARY FALCKE BIERMANN ROTH SLOWLY CONTRACTING EXPANDING FLUID SPHERE STABILITY PHYSICAL REVIEW BIBCODE PHRV PHYSREV EDDINGTON INTERNAL CONSTITUTION STARS YORK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN EDIT EXTERNAL LINKS WIKIBOOKS BOOK TOPIC ASTROPHYSICS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL MODERN PHYSICS FROM WORLD SCIENTIFIC COSMIC JOURNEY HISTORY SCIENTIFIC COSMOLOGY FROM AMERICAN INSTITUTE PHYSICS PROF HARRY KROTO ASTROPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LECTURE SERIES FREEVIEW LECTURES PROVIDED VEGA SCIENCE TRUST STANFORD LINEAR ACCELERATOR CENTER STANFORD CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE SPACE ASTROPHYSICS COSMIC PHYSICS ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS EUROPEAN JOURNAL LIST DIRECTORY PEER-REVIEWED ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS JOURNALS MASTER SCIENCE ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS WRIGHT'S COSMOLOGY TUTORIAL UCLA PHILIPPE STEE'S HOMEPAGE ACTIVE STARS RESEARCH SHOW BRANCHES PHYSICS SHOW MAJOR SUBFIELDS ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS CATEGORIES ASTROPHYSICSAPPLIED INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS NAVIGATION MENU CREATE ACCOUNTLOG INARTICLETALKREADEDITVIEW HISTORY MAIN PAGE CONTENTS FEATURED CONTENT CURRENT EVENTS RANDOM ARTICLE DONATE WIKIPEDIA INTERACTION HELP ABOUT WIKIPEDIA COMMUNITY PORTAL RECENT CHANGES CONTACT WIKIPEDIA TOOLBOX PRINT EXPORT LANGUAGES AFRIKAANS RBAYCANCA BASA BANYUMASAN BOSANSKI CATALŕ ESKY CYMRAEG DANSK DEUTSCH EESTI ESPAńOL ESPERANTO EUSKARA FRANçAIS GALEGO HRVATSKI BAHASA INDONESIA INTERLINGUA ÍSLENSKA ITALIANO BASA JAWA KURDî LATVIEšU LëTZEBUERGESCH LIETUVI LIGURE MAGYAR BAHASA MELAYU NEDERLANDS NORSK BOKMĺL NORSK NYNORSK NOVIAL OCCITAN ZBEKCHA POLSKI PORTUGUęS ROMâN SEELTERSK SHQIP SICILIANU SIMPLE ENGLISH SLOVEN SLOVENš SRPSKI SRPSKOHRVATSKI BASA SUNDA SUOMI SVENSKA TAGALOG TüRKçE WINARAY ZAZAKI EDIT LINKS THIS PAGE LAST MODIFIED APRIL TEXT AVAILABLE UNDER CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION-SHAREALIKE LICENSE ADDITIONAL TERMS APPLY USING THIS SITE AGREE TERMS PRIVACY POLICY WIKIPEDIA® REGISTERED TRADEMARK WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION CONTACT PRIVACY POLICYABOUT WIKIPEDIADISCLAIMERSMOBILE VIEW
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