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RAINFROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIAJUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH OTHER USES RAIN DISAMBIGUATION RAINY DISAMBIGUATION REIN DELSLACH WIKIPEDY GEAN NAVIGAASJE SYKJE STOARTREIN REIN BRAZILIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS REINDRIPPEN FALLE PLASSEREIN FOARM DELSLACH KREKTAS SNIE IISKRISTALLEN HEIL BEFERZEN REIN MEIïNOAR WURDT HIMELWETTER NEAMD BEWURKJE SEKSJE UNTSTEANFOAR FOARMING DELSLACH BINNE EARSTE PLAK WOLKEN NEDICH BESTEAN ûNDERKUOLLE DRIPKES IISKRISTALLEN DY'T ûNTSTIEN BINNE TROCH KONDINSAASJE SUBLIMAASJE DIZZE ELEMINTEN WURDE WOLKE-ELEMINTEN NEAMD HAWWE TROCHSNEED INKELE WIER SLAAN MOATTE ôFMJITTINGS ûNDERKUOLLE DRIPKES WOLK TANIMME SADAT OERGEAN DELSLACHELEMINTEN DY'T TROCHSNEED HAWWE TEMINSTEN ûNTSTEAN WOLKEN GIET FAAK TEGEARRE FERTIKALE BEWEGINGS DY'T GONG FERSKILLE KINNE INKELE OANT MEARDERE METERS OM'T WOLKE-ELEMINTEN FALSNELHEDEN HAWWE SAWAT NEEDSAAKLIK GâNS OANGROEIE SA'T TROCH WOLK FALLE KINNE FERDAMPING NET-KONDINSEARRE LUCHT ûNDER WOLKEBASIS KINNE OERLIBJE GRûN STOREIN REIN ENSAFUORTHINNE BERIKKE FOARMING RELATYF LYTSE DELSLACHDRIPPEN TIGE GRUTTE HOEMANNICHTEN úTERST LYTSE WOLKEDRIPPEN WURDT TROCH TWATAL PROSESSEN REALISEARRE KOALESINSJE-PROSES WEGENER-BERGERON-FINDEISEN-PROSES COMMONS OFBYLDEN DY'T ûNDERWERP HEARRE BINNE FINEN KATEGORY RAIN WIKIMEDIA COMMONS UNTFONGEN HTTP WIKIPEDIA INDEX TITLE REIN DELSLACH OLDID KATEGORY METEOROLOGYNAVIGATION MENUPERSOANLIKE YNSTELLINGS NIJE YNSTELLINGS OANMEITSJEOANMELDENAMMEROMTEN ARTIKELOERLISFARIANTENASPEKTEN AKSJES LêSWIZIGJESKIEDNIS SJEN LITTEACTIONS SYKJE NAVIGAASJE HAADSIDE WIKIPEDY-MIENSKIP HJOED KOARTLYN FEROARE SAMAR SIDE HELP DONAASJES HELPMIDDELSWAT HJIRMEI KEPPELE FOLGJE KEPPELINGS BYSûNDERE SIDEN OFDRUK-FERZJE FêSTE KEPPELING PAGE INFORMATION SITEARJE DIZZE SIDE OARE TALENAFRIKAANS ARAGONéS ÆNGLISC ASTURIANU AYMAR RBAYCANCA ŽEMAIT BAMANANKAN BREZHONEG BOSANSKI CATALà ESKY CYMRAEG DANSK DEUTSCH ZAZAKI ENGLISH ESPERANTO ESPAñOL EESTI EUSKARA ESTREMEñU SUOMI VõRO FRANçAIS GAEILGE GàIDHLIG GALEGO AVAñE' GAELG FIJI HINDI HRVATSKI KREYòL AYISYEN MAGYAR BAHASA INDONESIA ÍSLENSKA ITALIANO INUKTITUT BASA JAWA KURDî LATINA LADINO LUMBAART LINGáLA LIETUVI LATVIEšU MALAGASY BAHASA MELAYU HUATL NEDERSAKSIES NEDERLANDS NORSK NYNORSK NORSK BOKMåL NOUORMAND OCCITAN POLSKI PIEMONTèIS PORTUGUêS RUNA SIMI ROMâN SICILIANU SCOTS SRPSKOHRVATSKI SIMPLE ENGLISH SLOVEN SLOVENš SOOMAALIGA SHQIP SRPSKI BASA SUNDA SVENSKA KISWAHILI TAGALOG TüRKçE TATARçA UYGHURCHE VèNETO VEPSäN KEL’ WALON WINARAY YORùBá BâN-LâM-Gú EDIT LINKS LêSTE KEAR BEWURKE TEXT AVAILABLE UNDER CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION SHARE-ALIKE LICENSE ADDITIONAL TERMS APPLY TERMS DETAILS PRIVACYBELIEDOER WIKIPEDYFOARBEHâLDMOBILE FERZJE RAIN SHAFT BASE THUNDERSTORM TORRENTIAL RAIN GREECE PART NATURE SERIES WEATHER CALENDAR SEASONS ­SPRING ·­SUMMER ·­AUTUMN ·­WINTER TROPICAL SEASONS ­DRY SEASON ·­WET SEASON STORMS ­THUNDERSTORM THUNDERSNOW ·­SUPERCELL ·­DOWNBURST ·­LIGHTNING ·­TORNADO ·­WATERSPOUT ·­TROPICAL CYCLONE HURRICANE ·­EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE ·­WINTER STORM ·­BLIZZARD ·­ICE STORM ·­DUST STORM ·­FIRESTORM ·­CLOUD PRECIPITATION ­DRIZZLE FREEZING DRIZZLE ·­RAIN FREEZING RAIN ·­SNOW RAIN SNOW MIXED SNOW GRAINS SNOW ROLLER ·­GRAUPEL ·­ICE PELLETS ·­HAIL TOPICS ­METEOROLOGY ·­CLIMATE ·­WEATHER FORECASTING ·­HEAT WAVE ·­AIR POLLUTION ·­COLD WAVE WEATHER PORTAL RAIN TYPICAL SOUND RAIN WITH THUNDER -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROBLEMS LISTENING THIS FILE MEDIA HELP RAIN LIQUID WATER FORM DROPLETS THAT HAVE CONDENSED FROM ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR THEN PRECIPITATED—THAT BECOME HEAVY ENOUGH FALL UNDER GRAVITY RAIN MAJOR COMPONENT WATER CYCLE RESPONSIBLE DEPOSITING MOST FRESH WATER EARTH PROVIDES SUITABLE CONDITIONS MANY TYPES ECOSYSTEM WELL WATER HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS CROP IRRIGATION MAJOR CAUSE RAIN PRODUCTION MOISTURE MOVING ALONG THREE-DIMENSIONAL ZONES TEMPERATURE MOISTURE CONTRASTS KNOWN WEATHER FRONTS ENOUGH MOISTURE UPWARD MOTION PRESENT PRECIPITATION FALLS FROM CONVECTIVE CLOUDS THOSE WITH STRONG UPWARD VERTICAL MOTION SUCH CUMULONIMBUS THUNDER CLOUDS WHICH ORGANIZE INTO NARROW RAINBANDS MOUNTAINOUS AREAS HEAVY PRECIPITATION POSSIBLE WHERE UPSLOPE FLOW MAXIMIZED WITHIN WINDWARD SIDES TERRAIN ELEVATION WHICH FORCES MOIST CONDENSE FALL RAINFALL ALONG SIDES MOUNTAINS LEEWARD SIDE MOUNTAINS DESERT CLIMATES EXIST CAUSED DOWNSLOPE FLOW WHICH CAUSES HEATING DRYING MASS MOVEMENT MONSOON TROUGH INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE BRINGS RAINY SEASONS SAVANNAH CLIMES URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT LEADS INCREASED RAINFALL BOTH AMOUNTS INTENSITY DOWNWIND CITIES GLOBAL WARMING ALSO CAUSING CHANGES PRECIPITATION PATTERN GLOBALLY INCLUDING WETTER CONDITIONS ACROSS EASTERN NORTH AMERICA DRIER CONDITIONS TROPICS CITATION NEEDED ANTARCTICA DRIEST CONTINENT GLOBALLY AVERAGED ANNUAL PRECIPITATION OVER LAND MILLIMETRES OVER WHOLE EARTH MUCH HIGHER MILLIMETRES CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS SUCH KöPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL HELP DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN DIFFERING CLIMATE REGIMES RAINFALL MEASURED USING RAIN GAUGES RAINFALL AMOUNTS ESTIMATED WEATHER RADAR RAIN ALSO KNOWN SUSPECTED OTHER PLANETS WHERE COMPOSED METHANE NEON SULFURIC ACID EVEN IRON RATHER THAN WATER CONTENTS HIDE FORMATION WATER-SATURATED COALESCENCE CAUSES FRONTAL ACTIVITY CONVECTION OROGRAPHIC EFFECTS WITHIN TROPICS HUMAN INFLUENCE CHARACTERISTICS PATTERNS ACIDITY KöPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION MEASUREMENT GAUGES REMOTE SENSING INTENSITY RETURN PERIOD FORECASTING IMPACT EFFECT AGRICULTURE CULTURE GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGY DESERTS POLAR DESERT RAINFORESTS MONSOONS IMPACT WESTERLIES WETTEST KNOWN LOCATIONS OUTSIDE EARTH ALSO NOTES REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS FORMATIONWATER-SATURATED AIRAIR CONTAINS WATER VAPOR AMOUNT WATER GIVEN MASS KNOWN MIXING RATIO MEASURED GRAMS WATER KILOGRAM AMOUNT MOISTURE ALSO COMMONLY REPORTED RELATIVE HUMIDITY WHICH PERCENTAGE TOTAL WATER VAPOR HOLD PARTICULAR TEMPERATURE MUCH WATER VAPOR PARCEL CONTAIN BEFORE BECOMES SATURATED RELATIVE HUMIDITY FORMS INTO CLOUD GROUP VISIBLE TINY WATER PARTICLES SUSPENDED ABOVE EARTH'S SURFACE DEPENDS TEMPERATURE WARMER CONTAIN MORE WATER VAPOR THAN COOLER BEFORE BECOMING SATURATED THEREFORE SATURATE PARCEL COOL POINT TEMPERATURE WHICH PARCEL MUST COOLED ORDER BECOME SATURATED THERE FOUR MAIN MECHANISMS COOLING POINT ADIABATIC COOLING CONDUCTIVE COOLING RADIATIONAL COOLING EVAPORATIVE COOLING ADIABATIC COOLING OCCURS WHEN RISES EXPANDS RISE CONVECTION LARGE-SCALE ATMOSPHERIC MOTIONS PHYSICAL BARRIER SUCH MOUNTAIN OROGRAPHIC LIFT CONDUCTIVE COOLING OCCURS WHEN COMES INTO CONTACT WITH COLDER SURFACE USUALLY BEING BLOWN FROM SURFACE ANOTHER EXAMPLE FROM LIQUID WATER SURFACE COLDER LAND RADIATIONAL COOLING OCCURS EMISSION INFRARED RADIATION EITHER SURFACE UNDERNEATH EVAPORATIVE COOLING OCCURS WHEN MOISTURE ADDED THROUGH EVAPORATION WHICH FORCES TEMPERATURE COOL WET-BULB TEMPERATURE UNTIL REACHES SATURATION MAIN WAYS WATER VAPOR ADDED WIND CONVERGENCE INTO AREAS UPWARD MOTION PRECIPITATION VIRGA FALLING FROM ABOVE DAYTIME HEATING EVAPORATING WATER FROM SURFACE OCEANS WATER BODIES LAND TRANSPIRATION FROM PLANTS COOL MOVING OVER WARMER WATER LIFTING OVER MOUNTAINS WATER VAPOR NORMALLY BEGINS CONDENSE CONDENSATION NUCLEI SUCH DUST SALT ORDER FORM CLOUDS ELEVATED PORTIONS WEATHER FRONTS WHICH THREE-DIMENSIONAL NATURE FORCE BROAD AREAS UPWARD MOTION WITHIN EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE WHICH FORM CLOUDS DECKS SUCH ALTOSTRATUS CIRROSTRATUS STRATUS STABLE CLOUD DECK WHICH TENDS FORM WHEN COOL STABLE MASS TRAPPED UNDERNEATH WARM MASS ALSO FORM LIFTING ADVECTION DURING BREEZY CONDITIONS COALESCENCE SHAPE RAIN DROPS DEPEND UPON THEIR SIZECOALESCENCE OCCURS WHEN WATER DROPLETS FUSE CREATE LARGER WATER DROPLETS RESISTANCE TYPICALLY CAUSES WATER DROPLETS CLOUD REMAIN STATIONARY WHEN TURBULENCE OCCURS WATER DROPLETS COLLIDE PRODUCING LARGER DROPLETS THESE LARGER WATER DROPLETS DESCEND COALESCENCE CONTINUES THAT DROPS BECOME HEAVY ENOUGH OVERCOME RESISTANCE FALL RAIN COALESCENCE GENERALLY HAPPENS MOST OFTEN CLOUDS ABOVE FREEZING ALSO KNOWN WARM RAIN PROCESS CLOUDS BELOW FREEZING WHEN CRYSTALS GAIN ENOUGH MASS THEY BEGIN FALL THIS GENERALLY REQUIRES MORE MASS THAN COALESCENCE WHEN OCCURRING BETWEEN CRYSTAL NEIGHBORING WATER DROPLETS THIS PROCESS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT SUPERCOOLED WATER DROPLETS ONLY EXIST CLOUD THAT BELOW FREEZING ADDITION BECAUSE GREAT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLOUD GROUND LEVEL THESE CRYSTALS MELT THEY FALL BECOME RAIN RAINDROPS HAVE SIZES RANGING FROM MILLIMETRES MEAN DIAMETER ABOVE WHICH THEY TEND BREAK SMALLER DROPS CALLED CLOUD DROPLETS THEIR SHAPE SPHERICAL RAINDROP INCREASES SIZE SHAPE BECOMES MORE OBLATE WITH LARGEST CROSS-SECTION FACING ONCOMING AIRFLOW LARGE RAIN DROPS BECOME INCREASINGLY FLATTENED BOTTOM LIKE HAMBURGER BUNS VERY LARGE ONES SHAPED LIKE PARACHUTES CONTRARY POPULAR BELIEF THEIR SHAPE DOES RESEMBLE TEARDROP BIGGEST RAINDROPS EARTH WERE RECORDED OVER BRAZIL MARSHALL ISLANDS SOME THEM WERE LARGE MILLIMETRES LARGE SIZE EXPLAINED CONDENSATION LARGE SMOKE PARTICLES COLLISIONS BETWEEN DROPS SMALL REGIONS WITH PARTICULARLY HIGH CONTENT LIQUID WATER INTENSITY DURATION RAINFALL USUALLY INVERSELY RELATED HIGH INTENSITY STORMS LIKELY SHORT DURATION INTENSITY STORMS HAVE LONG DURATION RAIN DROPS ASSOCIATED WITH MELTING HAIL TEND LARGER THAN OTHER RAIN DROPS RAINDROPS IMPACT THEIR TERMINAL VELOCITY WHICH GREATER LARGER DROPS THEIR LARGER MASS DRAG RATIO LEVEL WITHOUT WIND MILLIMETRES DRIZZLE IMPACTS METRES SECOND WHILE LARGE MILLIMETRES DROPS IMPACT AROUND METRES SECOND SOUND RAINDROPS HITTING WATER CAUSED BUBBLES OSCILLATING UNDERWATER METAR CODE RAIN WHILE CODING RAIN SHOWERS SHRA CAUSESFRONTAL ACTIVITYMAIN ARTICLE WEATHER FRONTS STRATIFORM BROAD SHIELD PRECIPITATION WITH RELATIVELY SIMILAR INTENSITY DYNAMIC PRECIPITATION CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION WHICH SHOWERY NATURE WITH LARGE CHANGES INTENSITY OVER SHORT DISTANCES OCCUR CONSEQUENCE SLOW ASCENT SYNOPTIC SYSTEMS ORDER SUCH VICINITY COLD FRONTS NEAR POLEWARD SURFACE WARM FRONTS SIMILAR ASCENT SEEN AROUND TROPICAL CYCLONES OUTSIDE EYEWALL COMMA-HEAD PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AROUND MID-LATITUDE CYCLONES WIDE VARIETY WEATHER FOUND ALONG OCCLUDED FRONT WITH THUNDERSTORMS POSSIBLE USUALLY THEIR PASSAGE ASSOCIATED WITH DRYING MASS OCCLUDED FRONTS USUALLY FORM AROUND MATURE LOW-PRESSURE AREAS WHAT SEPARATES RAINFALL FROM OTHER PRECIPITATION TYPES SUCH PELLETS SNOW PRESENCE THICK LAYER ALOFT WHICH ABOVE MELTING POINT WATER WHICH MELTS FROZEN PRECIPITATION WELL BEFORE REACHES GROUND THERE SHALLOW NEAR SURFACE LAYER THAT BELOW FREEZING FREEZING RAIN RAIN WHICH FREEZES CONTACT WITH SURFACES SUBFREEZING ENVIRONMENTS WILL RESULT HAIL BECOMES INCREASINGLY INFREQUENT OCCURRENCE WHEN FREEZING LEVEL WITHIN ATMOSPHERE EXCEEDS FEET ABOVE GROUND LEVEL CONVECTION CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATIONCONVECTIVE RAIN SHOWERY PRECIPITATION OCCURS FROM CONVECTIVE CLOUDS CUMULONIMBUS CUMULUS CONGESTUS FALLS SHOWERS WITH RAPIDLY CHANGING INTENSITY CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION FALLS OVER CERTAIN AREA RELATIVELY SHORT TIME CONVECTIVE CLOUDS HAVE LIMITED HORIZONTAL EXTENT MOST PRECIPITATION TROPICS APPEARS CONVECTIVE HOWEVER BEEN SUGGESTED THAT STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION ALSO OCCURS GRAUPEL HAIL INDICATE CONVECTION MID-LATITUDES CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION INTERMITTENT OFTEN ASSOCIATED WITH BAROCLINIC BOUNDARIES SUCH COLD FRONTS SQUALL LINES WARM FRONTS OROGRAPHIC EFFECTSMAIN ARTICLES OROGRAPHIC LIFT PRECIPITATION TYPES METEOROLOGY UNITED STATES RAINFALL CLIMATOLOGY OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION OCCURS WINDWARD SIDE MOUNTAINS CAUSED RISING MOTION LARGE-SCALE FLOW MOIST ACROSS MOUNTAIN RIDGE RESULTING ADIABATIC COOLING CONDENSATION MOUNTAINOUS PARTS WORLD SUBJECTED RELATIVELY CONSISTENT WINDS EXAMPLE TRADE WINDS MORE MOIST CLIMATE USUALLY PREVAILS WINDWARD SIDE MOUNTAIN THAN LEEWARD DOWNWIND SIDE MOISTURE REMOVED OROGRAPHIC LIFT LEAVING DRIER KATABATIC WIND DESCENDING GENERALLY WARMING LEEWARD SIDE WHERE RAIN SHADOW OBSERVED HAWAII MOUNT ISLAND KAUAI NOTABLE EXTREME RAINFALL SECOND HIGHEST AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL EARTH WITH INCHES SYSTEMS KNOWN KONA STORMS AFFECT STATE WITH HEAVY RAINS BETWEEN OCTOBER APRIL LOCAL CLIMATES VARY CONSIDERABLY EACH ISLAND THEIR TOPOGRAPHY DIVISIBLE INTO WINDWARD OLAU LEEWARD KONA REGIONS BASED UPON LOCATION RELATIVE HIGHER MOUNTAINS WINDWARD SIDES FACE EAST NORTHEAST TRADE WINDS RECEIVE MUCH MORE RAINFALL LEEWARD SIDES DRIER SUNNIER WITH LESS RAIN LESS CLOUD COVER SOUTH AMERICA ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE BLOCKS PACIFIC MOISTURE THAT ARRIVES THAT CONTINENT RESULTING DESERTLIKE CLIMATE JUST DOWNWIND ACROSS WESTERN ARGENTINA SIERRA NEVADA RANGE CREATES SAME EFFECT NORTH AMERICA FORMING GREAT BASIN MOJAVE DESERTS WITHIN TROPICS RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION MONTH CAIRNS SHOWING EXTENT SEASON THAT LOCATIONSEE ALSO MONSOON TROPICAL CYCLONE MAIN ARTICLE SEASON RAINY SEASON TIME YEAR COVERING MORE MONTHS WHEN MOST AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL REGION FALLS TERM GREEN SEASON ALSO SOMETIMES USED EUPHEMISM TOURIST AUTHORITIES AREAS WITH SEASONS DISPERSED ACROSS PORTIONS TROPICS SUBTROPICS SAVANNA CLIMATES AREAS WITH MONSOON REGIMES HAVE SUMMERS WINTERS TROPICAL RAINFORESTS TECHNICALLY HAVE SEASONS SINCE THEIR RAINFALL EQUALLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGH YEAR SOME AREAS WITH PRONOUNCED RAINY SEASONS WILL BREAK RAINFALL MID-SEASON WHEN INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE MONSOON TROUGH MOVE POLEWARD THEIR LOCATION DURING MIDDLE WARM SEASON WHEN SEASON OCCURS DURING WARM SEASON SUMMER RAIN FALLS MAINLY DURING LATE AFTERNOON EARLY EVENING HOURS SEASON TIME WHEN QUALITY IMPROVES FRESHWATER QUALITY IMPROVES VEGETATION GROWS SIGNIFICANTLY TROPICAL CYCLONES SOURCE VERY HEAVY RAINFALL CONSIST LARGE MASSES SEVERAL HUNDRED MILES ACROSS WITH PRESSURE CENTRE WITH WINDS BLOWING INWARD TOWARDS CENTRE EITHER CLOCKWISE DIRECTION SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE COUNTER CLOCKWISE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE ALTHOUGH CYCLONES TAKE ENORMOUS TOLL LIVES PERSONAL PROPERTY THEY IMPORTANT FACTORS PRECIPITATION REGIMES PLACES THEY IMPACT THEY BRING MUCH-NEEDED PRECIPITATION OTHERWISE REGIONS AREAS THEIR PATH RECEIVE YEAR'S WORTH RAINFALL FROM TROPICAL CYCLONE PASSAGE HUMAN INFLUENCE IMAGE ATLANTA GEORGIA SHOWING TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITH BLUE SHOWING COOL TEMPERATURES WARM AREAS APPEAR WHITE MEAN SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES DURING PERIOD WITH RESPECT AVERAGE TEMPERATURES FROM ALSO GLOBAL WARMING URBAN HEAT ISLAND FINE PARTICULATE MATTER PRODUCED EXHAUST OTHER HUMAN SOURCES POLLUTION FORMS CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI LEADS PRODUCTION CLOUDS INCREASES LIKELIHOOD RAIN COMMUTERS COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC CAUSE POLLUTION BUILD OVER COURSE WEEK LIKELIHOOD RAIN INCREASES PEAKS SATURDAY AFTER FIVE DAYS WEEKDAY POLLUTION BEEN BUILT HEAVILY POPULATED AREAS THAT NEAR COAST SUCH UNITED STATES' EASTERN SEABOARD EFFECT DRAMATIC THERE HIGHER CHANCE RAIN SATURDAYS THAN MONDAYS URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT WARMS CITIES ABOVE SURROUNDING SUBURBS RURAL AREAS THIS EXTRA HEAT LEADS GREATER UPWARD MOTION WHICH INDUCE ADDITIONAL SHOWER THUNDERSTORM ACTIVITY RAINFALL RATES DOWNWIND CITIES INCREASED BETWEEN PARTLY RESULT THIS WARMING MONTHLY RAINFALL ABOUT GREATER BETWEEN MILES DOWNWIND CITIES COMPARED WITH UPWIND SOME CITIES INDUCE TOTAL PRECIPITATION INCREASE INCREASING TEMPERATURES TEND INCREASE EVAPORATION WHICH LEAD MORE PRECIPITATION PRECIPITATION GENERALLY INCREASED OVER LAND NORTH FROM THROUGH DECLINED OVER TROPICS SINCE GLOBALLY THERE BEEN STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT OVERALL TREND PRECIPITATION OVER PAST CENTURY ALTHOUGH TRENDS HAVE VARIED WIDELY REGION OVER TIME EASTERN PORTIONS NORTH SOUTH AMERICA NORTHERN EUROPE NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA HAVE BECOME WETTER SAHEL MEDITERRANEAN SOUTHERN AFRICA PARTS SOUTHERN ASIA HAVE BECOME DRIER THERE BEEN INCREASE NUMBER HEAVY PRECIPITATION EVENTS OVER MANY AREAS DURING PAST CENTURY WELL INCREASE SINCE PREVALENCE DROUGHTS—ESPECIALLY TROPICS SUBTROPICS CHANGES PRECIPITATION EVAPORATION OVER OCEANS SUGGESTED DECREASED SALINITY MID- HIGH-LATITUDE WATERS IMPLYING MORE PRECIPITATION ALONG WITH INCREASED SALINITY LOWER LATITUDES IMPLYING LESS PRECIPITATION MORE EVAPORATION OVER CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION INCREASED AVERAGE RATE PERCENT SINCE WITH GREATEST INCREASES WITHIN EAST NORTH CENTRAL CLIMATE REGION PERCENT CENTURY SOUTH PERCENT HAWAII ONLY REGION SHOW DECREASE PERCENT MOST SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS INFLUENCING WEATHER INVOLVE CLOUD SEEDING WHICH INCLUDE TECHNIQUES USED INCREASE WINTER PRECIPITATION OVER MOUNTAINS SUPPRESS HAIL CHARACTERISTICSPATTERNS BAND THUNDERSTORMS SEEN WEATHER RADAR DISPLAYMAIN ARTICLE RAINBAND RAINBANDS CLOUD PRECIPITATION AREAS WHICH SIGNIFICANTLY ELONGATED RAINBANDS STRATIFORM CONVECTIVE GENERATED DIFFERENCES TEMPERATURE WHEN NOTED WEATHER RADAR IMAGERY THIS PRECIPITATION ELONGATION REFERRED BANDED STRUCTURE RAINBANDS ADVANCE WARM OCCLUDED FRONTS WARM FRONTS ASSOCIATED WITH WEAK UPWARD MOTION TEND WIDE STRATIFORM NATURE RAINBANDS SPAWNED NEAR AHEAD COLD FRONTS SQUALL LINES WHICH ABLE PRODUCE TORNADOES RAINBANDS ASSOCIATED WITH COLD FRONTS WARPED MOUNTAIN BARRIERS PERPENDICULAR FRONT'S ORIENTATION FORMATION LOW-LEVEL BARRIER BANDS THUNDERSTORMS FORM WITH BREEZE LAND BREEZE BOUNDARIES ENOUGH MOISTURE PRESENT BREEZE RAINBANDS BECOME ACTIVE ENOUGH JUST AHEAD COLD FRONT THEY MASK LOCATION COLD FRONT ITSELF ONCE CYCLONE OCCLUDES TROUGH WARM ALOFT TROWAL SHORT WILL CAUSED STRONG SOUTHERLY WINDS EASTERN PERIPHERY ROTATING ALOFT AROUND NORTHEAST ULTIMATELY NORTHWESTERN PERIPHERY ALSO KNOWN WARM CONVEYOR BELT FORCING SURFACE TROUGH CONTINUE INTO COLD SECTOR SIMILAR CURVE OCCLUDED FRONT TROWAL CREATES PORTION OCCLUDED CYCLONE KNOWN COMMA HEAD COMMA-LIKE SHAPE MID-TROPOSPHERIC CLOUDINESS THAT ACCOMPANIES FEATURE ALSO FOCUS LOCALLY HEAVY PRECIPITATION WITH THUNDERSTORMS POSSIBLE ATMOSPHERE ALONG TROWAL UNSTABLE ENOUGH CONVECTION BANDING WITHIN COMMA HEAD PRECIPITATION PATTERN EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONE YIELD SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS RAIN BEHIND EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES DURING FALL WINTER RAINBANDS FORM DOWNWIND RELATIVE WARM BODIES WATER SUCH GREAT LAKES DOWNWIND ISLANDS BANDS SHOWERS THUNDERSTORMS DEVELOP LEVEL WIND CONVERGENCE DOWNWIND ISLAND EDGES OFFSHORE CALIFORNIA THIS BEEN NOTED WAKE COLD FRONTS RAINBANDS WITHIN TROPICAL CYCLONES CURVED ORIENTATION TROPICAL CYCLONE RAINBANDS CONTAIN SHOWERS THUNDERSTORMS THAT TOGETHER WITH EYEWALL CONSTITUTE HURRICANE TROPICAL STORM EXTENT RAINBANDS AROUND TROPICAL CYCLONE HELP DETERMINE CYCLONE'S INTENSITY ACIDITY ALSO ACID RAIN RAIN VARIES ESPECIALLY ORIGIN AMERICA'S EAST COAST RAIN THAT DERIVED FROM ATLANTIC OCEAN TYPICALLY RAIN THAT COMES ACROSS CONTINENTAL FROM WEST LOCAL THUNDERSTORMS HAVE RAIN BECOMES ACIDIC PRIMARILY PRESENCE STRONG ACIDS SULFURIC ACID NITRIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DERIVED FROM NATURAL SOURCES SUCH VOLCANOES WETLANDS SULFATE REDUCING BACTERIA ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES SUCH COMBUSTION FOSSIL FUELS MINING WHERE PRESENT NITRIC ACID PRODUCED NATURAL SOURCES SUCH LIGHTNING SOIL BACTERIA NATURAL FIRES WHILE ALSO PRODUCED ANTHROPOGENICALLY COMBUSTION FOSSIL FUELS FROM POWER PLANTS PAST YEARS CONCENTRATIONS NITRIC SULFURIC ACID DECREASED PRESENCE RAINWATER WHICH SIGNIFICANT INCREASE AMMONIUM MOST LIKELY AMMONIA FROM LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION WHICH ACTS BUFFER ACID RAIN RAISING KöPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION UPDATED KöPPEN-GEIGER CLIMATE MAIN ARTICLE KöPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION KöPPEN CLASSIFICATION DEPENDS AVERAGE MONTHLY VALUES TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION MOST COMMONLY USED FORM KöPPEN CLASSIFICATION FIVE PRIMARY TYPES LABELED THROUGH SPECIFICALLY PRIMARY TYPES TROPICAL MILD MID-LATITUDE COLD MID-LATITUDE POLAR FIVE PRIMARY CLASSIFICATIONS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO SECONDARY CLASSIFICATIONS SUCH RAIN FOREST MONSOON TROPICAL SAVANNA HUMID SUBTROPICAL HUMID CONTINENTAL OCEANIC CLIMATE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE STEPPE SUBARCTIC CLIMATE TUNDRA POLAR DESERT RAIN FORESTS CHARACTERIZED HIGH RAINFALL WITH DEFINITIONS SETTING MINIMUM NORMAL ANNUAL RAINFALL BETWEEN MILLIMETRES TROPICAL SAVANNA GRASSLAND BIOME LOCATED SEMI-ARID SEMI-HUMID CLIMATE REGIONS SUBTROPICAL TROPICAL LATITUDES WITH RAINFALL BETWEEN MILLIMETRES YEAR THEY WIDESPREAD AFRICA ALSO FOUND INDIA NORTHERN PARTS SOUTH AMERICA MALAYSIA AUSTRALIA HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE ZONE WHERE WINTER RAINFALL ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE STORMS THAT WESTERLIES STEER FROM WEST EAST MOST SUMMER RAINFALL OCCURS DURING THUNDERSTORMS FROM OCCASIONAL TROPICAL CYCLONES HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATES EAST SIDE CONTINENTS ROUGHLY BETWEEN LATITUDES DEGREES AWAY FROM EQUATOR OCEANIC MARITIME CLIMATE TYPICALLY FOUND ALONG WEST COASTS MIDDLE LATITUDES WORLD'S CONTINENTS BORDERING COOL OCEANS WELL SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA ACCOMPANIED PLENTIFUL PRECIPITATION YEAR ROUND MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE REGIME RESEMBLES CLIMATE LANDS MEDITERRANEAN BASIN PARTS WESTERN NORTH AMERICA PARTS WESTERN SOUTH AUSTRALIA SOUTHWESTERN SOUTH AFRICA PARTS CENTRAL CHILE CLIMATE CHARACTERIZED SUMMERS COOL WINTERS STEPPE GRASSLAND SUBARCTIC CLIMATES COLD WITH CONTINUOUS PERMAFROST LITTLE PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENTGAUGES STANDARD RAIN GAUGESEE ALSO RAIN GAUGE DISDROMETER SNOW GAUGE RAIN MEASURED UNITS LENGTH UNIT TIME TYPICALLY MILLIMETERS HOUR COUNTRIES WHERE IMPERIAL UNITS MORE COMMON INCHES HOUR LENGTH MORE ACCURATELY DEPTH BEING MEASURED DEPTH RAIN WATER THAT WOULD ACCUMULATE FLAT HORIZONTAL IMPERMEABLE SURFACE DURING GIVEN AMOUNT TIME TYPICALLY HOUR MILLIMETER RAINFALL EQUIVALENT LITER WATER SQUARE METER STANDARD MEASURING RAINFALL SNOWFALL STANDARD RAIN GAUGE WHICH FOUND PLASTIC METAL VARIETIES INNER CYLINDER FILLED RAIN WITH OVERFLOW FLOWING INTO OUTER CYLINDER PLASTIC GAUGES HAVE MARKINGS INNER CYLINDER DOWN RESOLUTION WHILE METAL GAUGES REQUIRE STICK DESIGNED WITH APPROPRIATE MARKINGS AFTER INNER CYLINDER FILLED AMOUNT INSIDE DISCARDED THEN FILLED WITH REMAINING RAINFALL OUTER CYLINDER UNTIL FLUID OUTER CYLINDER GONE ADDING OVERALL TOTAL UNTIL OUTER CYLINDER EMPTY OTHER TYPES GAUGES INCLUDE POPULAR WEDGE GAUGE CHEAPEST RAIN GAUGE MOST FRAGILE TIPPING BUCKET RAIN GAUGE WEIGHING RAIN GAUGE THOSE LOOKING MEASURE RAINFALL MOST INEXPENSIVELY THAT CYLINDRICAL WITH STRAIGHT SIDES WILL RAIN GAUGE LEFT OPEN ACCURACY WILL DEPEND WHAT RULER USED MEASURE RAIN WITH ABOVE RAIN GAUGES MADE HOME WITH ENOUGH KNOW-HOW WHEN PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT MADE VARIOUS NETWORKS EXIST ACROSS UNITED STATES ELSEWHERE WHERE RAINFALL MEASUREMENTS SUBMITTED THROUGH INTERNET SUCH COCORAHS GLOBE NETWORK AVAILABLE AREA WHERE LIVES NEAREST LOCAL WEATHER OFFICE WILL LIKELY INTERESTED MEASUREMENT REMOTE SENSINGSEE ALSO WEATHER RADAR TWENTY-FOUR HOUR RAINFALL ACCUMULATION D'IRèNE RADAR EASTERN CANADA ZONES WITHOUT DATA EAST SOUTHWEST CAUSED BEAM BLOCKING FROM MOUNTAINS SOURCE ENVIRONMENT CANADA MAIN USES WEATHER RADAR ABLE ASSESS AMOUNT PRECIPITATIONS FALLEN OVER LARGE BASINS HYDROLOGICAL PURPOSES INSTANCE RIVER FLOOD CONTROL SEWER MANAGEMENT CONSTRUCTION AREAS WHERE PLANNERS RAINFALL ACCUMULATION DATA RADAR-DERIVED RAINFALL ESTIMATES COMPLIMENT SURFACE STATION DATA WHICH USED CALIBRATION PRODUCE RADAR ACCUMULATIONS RAIN RATES OVER POINT ESTIMATED USING VALUE REFLECTIVITY DATA INDIVIDUAL GRID POINTS RADAR EQUATION THEN USED WHICH WHERE REPRESENTS RADAR REFLECTIVITY REPRESENTS RAINFALL RATE CONSTANTS SATELLITE DERIVED RAINFALL ESTIMATES PASSIVE MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTS ABOARD POLAR ORBITING WELL GEOSTATIONARY WEATHER SATELLITES INDIRECTLY MEASURE RAINFALL RATES WANTS ACCUMULATED RAINFALL OVER TIME PERIOD ACCUMULATIONS FROM EACH GRID WITHIN IMAGES DURING THAT TIME RAIN HEAVIEST RAIN SEEN REDS YELLOWS RAIN INTENSITY HEAVY RAIN GLENSHAW SOUND HEAVY RAIN FALL SUBURBAN NEIGHBORHOOD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PROBLEMS LISTENING THIS FILE MEDIA HELP RAINFALL INTENSITY CLASSIFIED ACCORDING RATE PRECIPITATION LIGHT RAIN WHEN PRECIPITATION RATE MILLIMETRES HOUR MODERATE RAIN WHEN PRECIPITATION RATE BETWEEN MILLIMETRES MILLIMETRES MILLIMETRES HOUR HEAVY RAIN WHEN PRECIPITATION RATE MILLIMETRES HOUR BETWEEN MILLIMETRES MILLIMETRES HOUR VIOLENT RAIN WHEN PRECIPITATION RATE MILLIMETRES HOUR EUPHEMISMS HEAVY VIOLENT RAIN INCLUDE GULLY WASHER TRASH-MOVER TOAD-STRANGLER RETURN PERIODSEE ALSO -YEAR FLOOD LIKELIHOOD PROBABILITY EVENT WITH SPECIFIED INTENSITY DURATION CALLED RETURN PERIOD FREQUENCY INTENSITY STORM PREDICTED RETURN PERIOD STORM DURATION FROM CHARTS BASED HISTORIC DATA LOCATION TERM YEAR STORM DESCRIBES RAINFALL EVENT WHICH RARE ONLY LIKELY OCCUR ONCE EVERY YEARS PERCENT LIKELIHOOD GIVEN YEAR RAINFALL WILL GREATER FLOODING WILL WORSE THAN WORST STORM EXPECTED SINGLE YEAR TERM YEAR STORM DESCRIBES RAINFALL EVENT WHICH EXTREMELY RARE WHICH WILL OCCUR WITH LIKELIHOOD ONLY ONCE CENTURY PERCENT LIKELIHOOD GIVEN YEAR RAINFALL WILL EXTREME FLOODING WORSE THAN YEAR EVENT WITH PROBABILITY EVENTS POSSIBLE THOUGH IMPROBABLE HAVE MULTIPLE YEAR STORMS SINGLE YEAR FORECASTINGMAIN ARTICLE QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST EXAMPLE FIVE-DAY RAINFALL FORECAST FROM HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTERTHE QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST ABBREVIATED EXPECTED AMOUNT LIQUID PRECIPITATION ACCUMULATED OVER SPECIFIED TIME PERIOD OVER SPECIFIED AREA WILL SPECIFIED WHEN MEASURABLE PRECIPITATION TYPE REACHING MINIMUM THRESHOLD FORECAST HOUR DURING VALID PERIOD PRECIPITATION FORECASTS TEND BOUND SYNOPTIC HOURS SUCH TERRAIN CONSIDERED QPFS TOPOGRAPHY BASED UPON CLIMATOLOGICAL PRECIPITATION PATTERNS FROM OBSERVATIONS WITH FINE DETAIL STARTING LATE QPFS WERE USED WITHIN HYDROLOGIC FORECAST MODELS SIMULATE IMPACT RIVERS THROUGHOUT UNITED STATES FORECAST MODELS SHOW SIGNIFICANT SENSITIVITY HUMIDITY LEVELS WITHIN PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER LOWEST LEVELS ATMOSPHERE WHICH DECREASES WITH HEIGHT GENERATED QUANTITATIVE FORECASTING AMOUNTS QUALITATIVE FORECASTING PROBABILITY SPECIFIC AMOUNT BASIS RADAR IMAGERY FORECASTING TECHNIQUES SHOW HIGHER SKILL THAN MODEL FORECASTS WITHIN HOURS TIME RADAR IMAGE FORECASTS VERIFIED THROUGH RAIN GAUGE MEASUREMENTS WEATHER RADAR ESTIMATES COMBINATION BOTH VARIOUS SKILL SCORES DETERMINED MEASURE VALUE RAINFALL FORECAST IMPACTEFFECT AGRICULTURE RAINFALL ESTIMATES SOUTHERN JAPAN SURROUNDING REGION FROM JULY PRECIPITATION ESPECIALLY RAIN DRAMATIC EFFECT AGRICULTURE PLANTS NEED LEAST SOME WATER SURVIVE THEREFORE RAIN BEING MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS WATERING IMPORTANT AGRICULTURE WHILE REGULAR RAIN PATTERN USUALLY VITAL HEALTHY PLANTS MUCH LITTLE RAINFALL HARMFUL EVEN DEVASTATING CROPS DROUGHT KILL CROPS INCREASE EROSION WHILE OVERLY WEATHER CAUSE HARMFUL FUNGUS GROWTH PLANTS NEED VARYING AMOUNTS RAINFALL SURVIVE EXAMPLE CERTAIN CACTI REQUIRE SMALL AMOUNTS WATER WHILE TROPICAL PLANTS NEED HUNDREDS INCHES RAIN YEAR SURVIVE AREAS WITH SEASONS SOIL NUTRIENTS DIMINISH EROSION INCREASES DURING SEASON ANIMALS HAVE ADAPTATION SURVIVAL STRATEGIES WETTER REGIME PREVIOUS SEASON LEADS FOOD SHORTAGES INTO SEASON CROPS HAVE MATURE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAVE NOTED THAT THEIR POPULATIONS SHOW SEASONAL WEIGHT FLUCTUATIONS FOOD SHORTAGES SEEN BEFORE FIRST HARVEST WHICH OCCURS LATE SEASON RAIN HARVESTED THROUGH RAINWATER TANKS TREATED POTABLE NON-POTABLE INDOORS IRRIGATION EXCESSIVE RAIN DURING SHORT PERIODS TIME CAUSE FLASH FLOODS CULTURECULTURAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS RAIN DIFFER ACROSS WORLD TEMPERATE CLIMATES PEOPLE TEND MORE STRESSED WHEN WEATHER UNSTABLE CLOUDY WITH IMPACT GREATER THAN WOMEN RAIN ALSO BRING SOME CONSIDER SOOTHING ENJOY AESTHETIC APPEAL PLACES SUCH INDIA DURING PERIODS DROUGHT RAIN LIFTS PEOPLE'S MOODS BOTSWANA SETSWANA WORD RAIN PULA USED NAME NATIONAL CURRENCY RECOGNITION ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE RAIN THIS DESERT COUNTRY SEVERAL CULTURES HAVE DEVELOPED MEANS DEALING WITH RAIN HAVE DEVELOPED NUMEROUS PROTECTION DEVICES SUCH UMBRELLAS RAINCOATS DIVERSION DEVICES SUCH GUTTERS STORM DRAINS THAT LEAD RAINS SEWERS MANY PEOPLE FIND SCENT DURING IMMEDIATELY AFTER RAIN PLEASANT DISTINCTIVE SOURCE THIS SCENT PETRICHOR PRODUCED PLANTS THEN ABSORBED ROCKS SOIL LATER RELEASED INTO DURING RAINFALL GLOBAL CLIMATOLOGYSEE ALSO EARTH RAINFALL CLIMATOLOGY APPROXIMATELY CUBIC KILOMETRES WATER FALLS PRECIPITATION EACH YEAR ACROSS GLOBE WITH CUBIC KILOMETRES OVER OCEANS GIVEN EARTH'S SURFACE AREA THAT MEANS GLOBALLY AVERAGED ANNUAL PRECIPITATION MILLIMETRES DESERTS DEFINED AREAS WITH AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION LESS THAN MILLIMETRES YEAR AREAS WHERE MORE WATER LOST EVAPOTRANSPIRATION THAN FALLS PRECIPITATION DESERTSMAIN ARTICLE DESERT LARGEST DESERTSTHE NORTHERN HALF AFRICA PRIMARILY DESERT ARID CONTAINING SAHARA ACROSS ASIA LARGE ANNUAL RAINFALL MINIMUM COMPOSED PRIMARILY DESERTS STRETCHES FROM GOBI DESERT MONGOLIA WEST-SOUTHWEST THROUGH WESTERN PAKISTAN BALOCHISTAN IRAN INTO ARABIAN DESERT SAUDI ARABIA MOST AUSTRALIA SEMI-ARID DESERT MAKING WORLD'S DRIEST INHABITED CONTINENT SOUTH AMERICA ANDES MOUNTAIN RANGE BLOCKS PACIFIC MOISTURE THAT ARRIVES THAT CONTINENT RESULTING DESERTLIKE CLIMATE JUST DOWNWIND ACROSS WESTERN ARGENTINA DRIER AREAS UNITED STATES REGIONS WHERE SONORAN DESERT OVERSPREADS DESERT SOUTHWEST GREAT BASIN CENTRAL WYOMING POLAR DESERTMAIN ARTICLES POLAR DESERT POLAR CLIMATE SINCE RAIN ONLY FALLS LIQUID FROZEN TEMPERATURES RAIN FALL RESULT VERY COLD CLIMATES VERY LITTLE RAINFALL OFTEN KNOWN POLAR DESERTS COMMON BIOME THIS AREA TUNDRA WHICH SHORT SUMMER THAW LONG FROZEN WINTER CAPS RAIN MAKING ANTARCTICA WORLD'S DRIEST CONTINENT RAINFORESTSSEE ALSO RAINFOREST RAINFORESTS AREAS WORLD WITH VERY HIGH RAINFALL BOTH TROPICAL TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS EXIST TROPICAL RAINFORESTS OCCUPY LARGE BAND PLANET MOSTLY ALONG EQUATOR MOST TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS LOCATED MOUNTAINOUS WEST COASTS BETWEEN DEGREES LATITUDE THEY OFTEN FOUND OTHER AREAS AROUND BIOTIC LIFE FOUND RAINFORESTS RAINFORESTS ALSO RESPONSIBLE WORLD'S OXYGEN TURNOVER MONSOONSSEE ALSO MONSOON MONSOON TROUGH EQUATORIAL REGION NEAR INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE ITCZ MONSOON TROUGH WETTEST PORTION WORLD'S CONTINENTS ANNUALLY RAIN BELT WITHIN TROPICS MARCHES NORTHWARD AUGUST THEN MOVES BACK SOUTHWARD INTO SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE FEBRUARY MARCH WITHIN ASIA RAINFALL FAVORED ACROSS SOUTHERN PORTION FROM INDIA EAST NORTHEAST ACROSS PHILIPPINES SOUTHERN CHINA INTO JAPAN MONSOON ADVECTING MOISTURE PRIMARILY FROM INDIAN OCEAN INTO REGION MONSOON TROUGH REACH NORTH PARALLEL EAST ASIA DURING AUGUST BEFORE MOVING SOUTHWARD THEREAFTER POLEWARD PROGRESSION ACCELERATED ONSET SUMMER MONSOON WHICH CHARACTERIZED DEVELOPMENT LOWER PRESSURE THERMAL OVER WARMEST PART ASIA SIMILAR WEAKER MONSOON CIRCULATIONS PRESENT OVER NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALIA DURING SUMMER SOUTHWEST MONSOON COMBINED WITH GULF CALIFORNIA GULF MEXICO MOISTURE MOVING AROUND SUBTROPICAL RIDGE ATLANTIC OCEAN BRING PROMISE AFTERNOON EVENING THUNDERSTORMS SOUTHERN TIER UNITED STATES WELL GREAT PLAINS EASTERN HALF CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES EAST MERIDIAN MOUNTAINS PACIFIC NORTHWEST SIERRA NEVADA RANGE WETTER PORTIONS NATION WITH AVERAGE RAINFALL EXCEEDING INCHES YEAR TROPICAL CYCLONES ENHANCE PRECIPITATION ACROSS SOUTHERN SECTIONS UNITED STATES WELL PUERTO RICO UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS GUAM AMERICAN SAMOA IMPACT WESTERLIES LONG-TERM MEAN PRECIPITATION MONTHSEE ALSO WESTERLIES WESTERLY FLOW FROM MILD NORTH ATLANTIC LEADS WETNESS ACROSS WESTERN EUROPE PARTICULAR IRELAND UNITED KINGDOM WHERE WESTERN COASTS RECEIVE BETWEEN SEA-LEVEL MOUNTAINS RAIN YEAR BERGEN NORWAY MORE FAMOUS EUROPEAN RAIN-CITIES WITH YEARLY PRECIPITATION AVERAGE DURING FALL WINTER SPRING PACIFIC STORM SYSTEMS BRING MOST HAWAII WESTERN UNITED STATES MUCH THEIR PRECIPITATION OVER RIDGE STREAM BRINGS SUMMER PRECIPITATION MAXIMUM GREAT LAKES LARGE THUNDERSTORM AREAS KNOWN MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES MOVE THROUGH PLAINS MIDWEST GREAT LAKES DURING WARM SEASON CONTRIBUTING ANNUAL PRECIPITATION REGION NIñO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION AFFECTS PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION ALTERING RAINFALL PATTERNS ACROSS WESTERN UNITED STATES MIDWEST SOUTHEAST THROUGHOUT TROPICS THERE ALSO EVIDENCE THAT GLOBAL WARMING LEADING INCREASED PRECIPITATION EASTERN PORTIONS NORTH AMERICA WHILE DROUGHTS BECOMING MORE FREQUENT TROPICS SUBTROPICS WETTEST KNOWN LOCATIONSCHERRAPUNJI SITUATED SOUTHERN SLOPES EASTERN HIMALAYA SHILLONG INDIA CONFIRMED WETTEST PLACES EARTH WITH AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL HIGHEST RECORDED RAINFALL SINGLE YEAR -YEAR AVERAGE NEARBY MAWSYNRAM MEGHALAYA INDIA WETTEST SPOT AUSTRALIA MOUNT BELLENDEN NORTH-EAST COUNTRY WHICH RECORDS AVERAGE MILLIMETRES YEAR WITH OVER RAIN RECORDED DURING MOUNT WAIALEALE ISLAND KAUA HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AVERAGES MORE THAN MILLIMETRES RAIN YEAR OVER LAST YEARS WITH RECORD MILLIMETRES SUMMIT CONSIDERED RAINIEST SPOTS EARTH BEEN PROMOTED TOURIST LITERATURE MANY YEARS WETTEST SPOT WORLD LLORó TOWN SITUATED CHOCó COLOMBIA PROBABLY PLACE WITH LARGEST MEASURED RAINFALL WORLD AVERAGING YEAR DEPARTMENT CHOCó EXTRAORDINARILY HUMID TUTUNENDO SMALL TOWN SITUATED SAME DEPARTMENT WETTEST ESTIMATED PLACES EARTH AVERAGING YEAR TOWN RECEIVED LARGEST ANNUAL RAINFALL MEASURED COLOMBIA UNLIKE CHERRAPUNJI WHICH RECEIVES MOST RAINFALL BETWEEN APRIL SEPTEMBER TUTUNENDO RECEIVES RAIN ALMOST UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT YEAR QUIBDó CAPITAL CHOCó RECEIVES MOST RAIN WORLD AMONG CITIES WITH OVER INHABITANTS MILLIMETRES YEAR STORMS CHOCó DROP RAINFALL THIS AMOUNT MORE THAN FALLS MANY CITIES YEAR'S TIME CONTINENT HIGHEST AVERAGE INCHES PLACE ELEVATION FEET YEARS RECORD SOUTH AMERICA LLORó COLOMBIA ESTIMATED ASIA MAWSYNRAM INDIA OCEANIA MOUNT KAUAI HAWAII AFRICA DEBUNDSCHA CAMEROON SOUTH AMERICA QUIBDO COLOMBIA AUSTRALIA MOUNT BELLENDEN QUEENSLAND NORTH AMERICA HENDERSON LAKE BRITISH COLUMBIA EUROPE CRKVICE MONTENEGRO SOURCE WITHOUT CONVERSIONS GLOBAL MEASURED EXTREMES TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER AUGUST CONTINENT PLACE HIGHEST RAINFALL REFERENCES HIGHEST AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL ASIA MAWSYNRAM INDIA HIGHEST YEAR ASIA CHERRAPUNJI INDIA HIGHEST CALENDAR MONTH ASIA CHERRAPUNJI INDIA HIGHEST HOURS INDIAN OCEAN REUNION ISLAND HIGHEST HOURS INDIAN OCEAN BELOUVE REUNION ISLAND HIGHEST MINUTE NORTH AMERICA GUADELOUPE CARIBBEAN ISLANDS OUTSIDE EARTHON TITAN SATURN'S LARGEST MOON INFREQUENT METHANE RAIN THOUGHT CARVE MOON'S NUMEROUS SURFACE CHANNELS VENUS SULFURIC ACID VIRGA EVAPORATES KILOMETRES FROM SURFACE THERE LIKELY RAIN VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS UPPER ATMOSPHERES GIANTS WELL PRECIPITATION LIQUID NEON DEEP ATMOSPHERES EXTRASOLAR PLANET OGLE-TR- CONSTELLATION SAGITTARIUS HYPOTHESIZED HAVE IRON RAIN ALSO ENVIRONMENT PORTAL ECOLOGY PORTAL JOHAD JOHN RAINWATER PSEUDONYMOUS MATHEMATICIAN RAIN DANCING RAIN DUST RAIN SENSOR RAINBOW RAINING ANIMALS RAIN KERALA SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOW SEDIMENT PRECIPITATION WATER RESOURCES WEATHER NOTESA VALUE GIVEN CONTINENT'S HIGHEST POSSIBLY WORLD'S DEPENDING MEASUREMENT PRACTICES PROCEDURES PERIOD RECORD VARIATIONS OFFICIAL GREATEST AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION SOUTH AMERICA INCHES QUIBDO COLOMBIA INCHES AVERAGE LLORO COLOMBIA MILES HIGHER ELEVATION THAN QUIBDO ESTIMATED AMOUNT APPROXIMATE ELEVATION RECOGNIZED WETTEST PLACE EARTH GUINNESS BOOK WORLD RECORDS REFERENCES WATER CYCLE PLANETGUIDE RETRIEVED STEVE KEMPLER PARAMETER INFORMATION PAGE NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL NOVEMBER RETRIEVED MARK STOELINGA ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY JUNE RELATIVE HUMIDITY AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY JUNE CLOUD AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED NAVAL METEOROLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY COMMAND ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE UNITED STATES NAVY RETRIEVED DEAD LINK GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY ADIABATIC PROCESS AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED TECHNOLOGY PELTIER COLD PLATE RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY RADIATIONAL COOLING AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED ROBERT FOVELL APPROACHES SATURATION UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA ANGELESE RETRIEVED ROBERT PENROSE PEARCE METEOROLOGY MILLENNIUM ACADEMIC PRESS ISBN RETRIEVED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE SPOKANE WASHINGTON VIRGA THUNDERSTORMS RETRIEVED BART HURK ELEANOR BLYTH GLOBAL MAPS LOCAL LAND-ATMOSPHERE COUPLING KNMI RETRIEVED KRISHNA RAMANUJAN BRAD BOHLANDER LANDCOVER CHANGES RIVAL GREENHOUSE GASES CAUSE CLIMATE CHANGE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS SPACE ADMINISTRATION GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL JUNE RETRIEVED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE JETSTREAM MASSES RETRIEVED MICHAEL PIDWIRNY CHAPTER INTRODUCTION HYDROSPHERE CLOUD FORMATION PROCESSES PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY JUNE FRONT AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED DAVID ROTH UNIFIED SURFACE ANALYSIS MANUAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTER RETRIEVED STRATUS METEOROLOGICAL PHYSICAL BACKGROUND ZENTRALANSTALT METEOROLOGIE GEODYNAMIK RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY JUNE WARM RAIN PROCESS AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED PAUL SIRVATKA CLOUD PHYSICS COLLISION COALESCENCE BERGERON PROCESS COLLEGE DUPAGE RETRIEVED ALISTAIR FRASER METEOROLOGY RAINDROPS SHAPED LIKE TEARDROPS PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RAINDROPS TEAR SHAPED UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT INTERIOR RETRIEVED PAUL RINCON MONSTER RAINDROPS DELIGHT EXPERTS BRITISH BROADCASTING COMPANY RETRIEVED GUNTOYINBO AKINTOLA RAINSTORM CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING WATER AVAILABILITY AGRICULTURE IAHS PUBLICATION NUMBER RETRIEVED ROBERT HOUZE OCTOBER STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION REGIONS CONVECTION METEOROLOGICAL PARADOX BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY BIBCODE BAMS SPIROC ISSN RETRIEVED DEAD LINK NORMAN JUNKER INGREDIENTS BASED METHODOLOGY FORECASTING PRECIPITATION ASSOCIATED WITH MCS’S HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTER RETRIEVED FALLING RAINDROPS CATEGORY PAGES USING TEMPLATE CONVERT ABBR CATEGORY PAGES USING TEMPLATE CONVERT SPEEDS WEATHER QUEST RETRIEVED WIKILINK EMBEDDED TITLE HELP ANDREA PROSPERETTI HASAN OGUZ IMPACT DROPS LIQUID SURFACES UNDERWATER NOISE RAIN ANNUAL REVIEW FLUID MECHANICS BIBCODE ANRFM ANNUREV RETRIEVED RYAN RANKIN JUNE BUBBLE RESONANCE PHYSICS BUBBLES ANTIBUBBLES THAT RETRIEVED ALASKA FLIGHT SERVICE STATION SA-METAR FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION RETRIEVED DEAD LINK GEERTS CONVECTIVE STRATIFORM RAINFALL TROPICS UNIVERSITY WYOMING RETRIEVED DAVID ROTH UNIFIED SURFACE ANALYSIS MANUAL HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTER RETRIEVED METED PRECIPITATION TYPE FORECASTS SOUTHEASTERN MID-ATLANTIC STATES UNIVERSITY CORPORATION ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH RETRIEVED MESO-ANALYST SEVERE WEATHER GUIDE UNIVERSITY CORPORATION ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH RETRIEVED UNKNOWN PARAMETER UNUSED DATA IGNORED HELP ROBERT HOUZE OCTOBER STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION REGIONS CONVECTION METEOROLOGICAL PARADOX BULLETIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY BIBCODE BAMS SPIROC ISSN ACCESSDATE REQUIRES HELP GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY GRAUPEL AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED TOBY CARLSON MID-LATITUDE WEATHER SYSTEMS ROUTLEDGE ISBN RETRIEVED DIANA LEONE RAIN SUPREME HONOLULU STAR-BULLETIN RETRIEVED STEVEN BUSINGER THOMAS BIRCHARD ECHO SEVERE WEATHER ASSOCIATED WITH KONA HAWAII RETRIEVED WESTERN REGIONAL CLIMATE CENTER CLIMATE HAWAII RETRIEVED PAUL LYDOLPH CLIMATE EARTH ROWMAN LITTLEFIELD ISBN RETRIEVED MICHAEL MARES ENCYCLOPEDIA DESERTS UNIVERSITY OKLAHOMA PRESS ISBN RETRIEVED ADAM GANSON GEOLOGY DEATH VALLEY INDIANA UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY RAINY SEASON AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED COSTA RICA GUIDE WHEN TRAVEL COSTA RICA TOUCANGUIDES RETRIEVED MICHAEL PIDWIRNY CHAPTER INTRODUCTION BIOSPHERE PHYSICALGEOGRAPHY RETRIEVED ELISABETH BENDERS-HYDE WORLD CLIMATES BLUE PLANET BIOMES RETRIEVED GUNTOYINBO AKINTOLA RAINSTORM CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING WATER AVAILABILITY AGRICULTURE RETRIEVED ZHENG SOURCES CHARACTERISTICS ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATES DURING SEASONS HONG KONG UNIVERSITY RHODE ISLAND RETRIEVED OGBAN HORSFALL AKPORHONOR SEASONAL VARIATIONS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS WATER RESOURCES QUALITY WESTERN NIGER DELTA REGION NIGERIA JOURNAL APPLIED SCIENTIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ISSN RETRIEVED HAYNES RIDPATH WILLIAMS MONSOONAL AUSTRALIA TAYLOR FRANCIS ISBN RETRIEVED CHRIS LANDSEA SUBJECT TROPICAL CYCLONES' WINDS ROTATE COUNTER-CLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE NORTHERN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER RETRIEVED CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER TROPICAL EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC HURRICANE OUTLOOK NATIONAL OCEANIC ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION RETRIEVED JACK WILLIAMS BACKGROUND CALIFORNIA'S TROPICAL STORMS TODAY RETRIEVED CERVENY BALLING WEEKLY CYCLES POLLUTANTS PRECIPITATION TROPICAL CYCLONES COASTAL ATLANTIC REGION NATURE BIBCODE NATUR DALE FUCHS SPAIN GOES HI-TECH BEAT DROUGHT LONDON GUARDIAN RETRIEVED GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER NASA SATELLITE CONFIRMS URBAN HEAT ISLANDS INCREASE RAINFALL AROUND CITIES NATIONAL AERONAUTICS SPACE ADMINISTRATION ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL JUNE RETRIEVED WIKILINK EMBEDDED TITLE HELP CLIMATE CHANGE DIVISION PRECIPITATION STORM CHANGES UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY RETRIEVED AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PLANNED INADVERTENT WEATHER MODIFICATION RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY RAINBAND RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY BANDED STRUCTURE RETRIEVED OWEN HERTZMAN THREE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS RAINBANDS MIDLATITUDE CYCLONES RETRIEVED YUH-LANG MESOSCALE DYNAMICS RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY PREFRONTAL SQUALL LINE RETRIEVED DOYLE INFLUENCE MESOSCALE OROGRAPHY COASTAL RAINBAND RETRIEVED RODIN INTERACTION COLD FRONT WITH SEA-BREEZE FRONT NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS RETRIEVED LOUIS UNIVERSITY WHAT TROWAL INTERNET WAYBACK MACHINE ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL RETRIEVED DAVID NOVAK LANCE BOSART DANIEL KEYSER JEFF WALDSTREICHER CLIMATOLOGICAL COMPOSITE STUDY COLD SEASON BANDED PRECIPITATION NORTHEAST UNITED STATES RETRIEVED IVORY SMALL OBSERVATION STUDY ISLAND EFFECT BANDS PRECIPITATION PRODUCERS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA RETRIEVED UNIVERSITY WISCONSIN–MADISON OBJECTIVE DVORAK TECHNIQUE RETRIEVED JOAN WILLEY EFFECT STORM TYPE RAINWATER COMPOSITION SOUTHEASTERN NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY JOAN WILLEY CHANGING CHEMICAL COMPOSITION PRECIPITATION WILMINGTON NORTH CAROLINA IMPLICATIONS CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PEEL FINLAYSON MCMAHON UPDATED WORLD KöPPEN-GEIGER CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION HYDROL EARTH SYST HESS- ISSN DIRECT FINAL REVISED PAPER SUSAN WOODWARD TROPICAL BROADLEAF EVERGREEN FOREST RAINFOREST RADFORD UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED SUSAN WOODWARD TROPICAL SAVANNAS RADFORD UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE ENCYCLOPæDIA BRITANNICA ENCYCLOPæDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED MICHAEL RITTER HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE UNIVERSITY WISCONSIN–STEVENS POINT RETRIEVED LAUREN SPRINGER OGDEN PLANT-DRIVEN DESIGN TIMBER PRESS ISBN ACCESSDATE REQUIRES HELP MICHAEL RITTER MEDITERRANEAN SUMMER SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE UNIVERSITY WISCONSIN–STEVENS POINT RETRIEVED BRYNN SCHAFFNER KENNETH ROBINSON STEPPE CLIMATE WEST TISBURY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL RETRIEVED MICHAEL RITTER SUBARCTIC CLIMATE UNIVERSITY WISCONSIN–STEVENS POINT RETRIEVED HTTP PAGES PROG IMOP PUBLICATIONS CIMO-GUIDE CIMO GUIDE EDITION PART CHAPTER PRINCIPAL HAZARDS CHAPTER PRINCIPAL HAZARDS RAIN GAUGE CUBIC INCHES RETRIEVED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE OFFICE NORTHERN INDIANA INCH NON-RECORDING STANDARD RAIN GAUGE RETRIEVED CHRIS LEHMANN CENTRAL ANALYTICAL LABORATORY RETRIEVED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLOSSARY RETRIEVED DISCOVERY SCHOOL BUILD YOUR WEATHER STATION DISCOVERY EDUCATION ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL RETRIEVED COMMUNITY COLLABORATIVE RAIN HAIL SNOW NETWORK MAIN PAGE COLORADO CLIMATE CENTER RETRIEVED GLOBE PROGRAM GLOBAL LEARNING OBSERVATIONS BENEFIT ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM RETRIEVED NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NOAA'S NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE MAIN PAGE RETRIEVED KANG-TSUNG CHANG JR-CHUAN HUANG SHUH-JI SHOU-HAO CHIANG RADAR RAINFALL ESTIMATES HYDROLOGIC LANDSLIDE MODELING DATA ASSIMILATION ATMOSPHERIC OCEANIC HYDROLOGIC APPLICATIONS ISBN RETRIEVED ERIC CHAY WARE AUGUST CORRECTIONS RADAR-ESTIMATED PRECIPITATION USING OBSERVED RAIN GAUGE DATA THESIS CORNELL UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED PEARL MNGADI PETRUS VISSER ELIZABETH EBERT OCTOBER SOUTHERN AFRICA SATELLITE DERIVED RAINFALL ESTIMATES VALIDATION INTERNATIONAL PRECIPITATION WORKING GROUP RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY JUNE RAIN AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED OFFICE AUGUST FACT SHEET WATER ATMOSPHERE CROWN COPYRIGHT RETRIEVED GULLYWASHER DEFINE GULLYWASHER DICTIONARY TOAD-STRANGLER WIKTIONARY GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY RETURN PERIOD AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY RAINFALL INTENSITY RETURN PERIOD AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED BOULDER AREA SUSTAINABILITY INFORMATION NETWORK WHAT YEAR FLOOD BOULDER COMMUNITY NETWORK RETRIEVED JACK BUSHONG QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST GENERATION VERIFICATION SOUTHEAST RIVER FORECAST CENTER UNIVERSITY GEORGIA RETRIEVED DANIEL WEYGAND OPTIMIZING OUTPUT FROM HELPER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WESTERN REGION RETRIEVED NOREEN SCHWEIN OPTIMIZATION QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST TIME HORIZONS USED RIVER FORECASTS AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED CHRISTIAN KEIL ANDREAS RöPNACK GEORGE CRAIG ULRICH SCHUMANN SENSITIVITY QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST HEIGHT DEPENDENT CHANGES HUMIDITY GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS BIBCODE GEORL REGGIANI WEERTS FEBRUARY PROBABILISTIC QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST FLOOD PREDICTION APPLICATION JOURNAL HYDROMETEOROLOGY BIBCODE JHYME RETRIEVED CHARLES QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECAST FROM WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS RADAR NOWCASTS ATMOSPHERIC HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING FLOOD SIMULATION ACHIEVING TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION FLOOD FORECASTING PROJECT RETRIEVED BUREAU METEOROLOGY LIVING WITH DROUGHT COMMONWEALTH AUSTRALIA RETRIEVED ROBERT BURNS TEXAS CROP WEATHER TEXAS UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED JAMES MAUSETH MAUSETH RESEARCH CACTI UNIVERSITY TEXAS RETRIEVED ROBERTO FRISANCHO HUMAN ADAPTATION ACCOMMODATION UNIVERSITY MICHIGAN PRESS ISBN RETRIEVED MARTI LIERE ERIC-ALAIN ATEGBO HOORWEG ADEL HARTOG JOSEPH HAUTVAST SIGNIFICANCE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ADULT SEASONAL BODY-WEIGHT FLUCTUATIONS STUDY NORTH-WESTERN BENIN BRITISH JOURNAL NUTRITION CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PMID TEXAS DEPARTMENT ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY HARVESTING STORING TREATING RAINWATER DOMESTIC INDOOR TEXAS UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED GLOSSARY METEOROLOGY JUNE FLASH FLOOD AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY RETRIEVED BARNSTON EFFECT WEATHER MOOD PRODUCTIVITY FREQUENCY EMOTIONAL CRISIS TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL BIOMETEOROLOGY BIBCODE IJBM RETRIEVED IANS SUDDEN SPELL RAIN LIFTS MOOD DELHI THAINDIAN NEWS RETRIEVED WILLIAM PACK RAIN LIFTS MOODS FARMERS ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWS RETRIEVED ROBYN GLOSSARY SETSWANA OTHER WORDS RETRIEVED ALLEN BURTON ROBERT PITT STORMWATER EFFECTS HANDBOOK TOOLBOX WATERSHED MANAGERS SCIENTISTS ENGINEERS PRESS RETRIEVED BEAR THOMAS MARCH NATURE ARGILLACEOUS ODOUR NATURE BIBCODE NATUR CHOWDHURY'S GUIDE PLANET EARTH WATER CYCLE WESTED RETRIEVED PUBLICATIONS SERVICE CENTER WHAT DESERT UNITED STATES GEOLOGIC SURVEY RETRIEVED ACCORDING WHAT DESERT THRESHOLD DEFINITION ATTRIBUTED PEVERIL MEIGS DESERT ENCYCLOPæDIA BRITANNICA ONLINE RETRIEVED ABOUT BIODIVERSITY DEPARTMENT ENVIRONMENT HERITAGE ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL RETRIEVED NATIONALATLAS PRECIPITATION INDIVIDUAL STATES CONTERMINOUS STATES UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT INTERIOR RETRIEVED TODD MITCHELL OCTOBER AFRICA RAINFALL CLIMATOLOGY UNIVERSITY WASHINGTON RETRIEVED TIMOTHY XIAOSU WENQING TANG MONSOON OROGRAPHY HUMAN INFLUENCE ASIAN RAINFALL PROCEEDINGS FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM CLOUD-PRONE RAINY AREAS REMOTE SENSING CARRS CHINESE UNIVERSITY HONG KONG NATIONAL AERONAUTIC SPACE ADMINISTRATION PROPULSION LABORATORY RETRIEVED NATIONAL CENTRE MEDIUM RANGE FORECASTING CHAPTER-II MONSOON- ONSET ADVANCEMENT CIRCULATION FEATURES INDIA MINISTRY EARTH SCIENCES RETRIEVED AUSTRALIAN BROADCASTING CORPORATION MONSOON RETRIEVED DAVID GOCHIS LUIS BRITO-CASTILLO JAMES SHUTTLEWORTH HYDROCLIMATOLOGY NORTH AMERICAN MONSOON REGION NORTHWEST MEXICO JOURNAL HYDROLOGY BIBCODE JHYD JHYDROL RETRIEVED BUREAU METEOROLOGY CLIMATE GILES RETRIEVED HOREL NORMAL MONTHLY PRECIPITATION INCHES RETRIEVED NATIONALATLAS PRECIPITATION INDIVIDUAL STATES CONTERMINOUS STATES RETRIEVED KRISTEN CORBOSIERO MICHAEL DICKINSON LANCE BOSART CONTRIBUTION EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC TROPICAL CYCLONES RAINFALL CLIMATOLOGY SOUTHWEST UNITED STATES MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY BIBCODE MWRV ISSN CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY WORLD FACTBOOK VIRGIN ISLANDS RETRIEVED WEATHER CENTRE WORLD WEATHER COUNTRY GUIDES NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS RETRIEVED WALKER ASHLEY THOMAS MOTE GRADY DIXON SHARON TROTTER EMILY POWELL JOSHUA DURKEE ANDREW GRUNDSTEIN DISTRIBUTION MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX RAINFALL UNITED STATES RETRIEVED JOHN MONTEVERDI NULL WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NOVEMBER NIñO CALIFORNIA PRECIPITATION RETRIEVED SOUTHEAST CLIMATE CONSORTIUM SECC WINTER CLIMATE OUTLOOK ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL RETRIEVED REUTERS NINA COULD MEAN SUMMER MIDWEST PLAINS RETRIEVED CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER NIñO ENSO RELATED RAINFALL PATTERNS OVER TROPICAL PACIFIC RETRIEVED PHILIP MAWSYNRAM INDIA TRIBUNE NEWS SERVICE RETRIEVED DEAD LINK BUREAU METEOROLOGY SIGNIFICANT WEATHER DECEMBER RAINFALL COMMONWEALTH AUSTRALIA RETRIEVED USGS WAIALEALE RAIN GAUGE LIHUE KAUAI USGS REAL-TIME RAINFALL DATA RAINGAUGE RETRIEVED NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER GLOBAL MEASURED EXTREMES TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION NATIONAL OCEANIC ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION RETRIEVED ALFRED RODRíGUEZ PICóDATE TUTUNENDAó CHOCO CIUDAD COLOMBIANA LLUVIOSA PERIóDICO RETRIEVED DEAD LINK GLOBAL MEASURED EXTREMES TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION HIGHEST AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION EXTREMES NATIONAL CLIMATIC DATA CENTER AUGUST DISPUTE BETWEEN MAWSYNRAM CHERRAPUNJI RAINIEST PLACE WORLD DEAD LINK WORLD RAINFALL EXTREMES MEMBERS IINET RETRIEVED DELUGES DEAD LINK EMILY LAKDAWALLA TITAN ARIZONA ICEBOX PLANETARY SOCIETY RETRIEVED DEAD LINK PAUL RINCON PLANET VENUS EARTH'S 'EVIL TWIN' NEWS RETRIEVED PAUL MAHAFFY HIGHLIGHTS GALILEO PROBE MASS SPECTROMETER INVESTIGATION NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER ATMOSPHERIC EXPERIMENTS LABORATORY RETRIEVED KATHARINA LODDERS JUPITER FORMED WITH MORE THAN ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL BIBCODE RETRIEVED HARVARD UNIVERSITY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WORLD IRON RAIN ASTROBIOLOGY MAGAZINE RETRIEVED EXTERNAL LINKS WIKIQUOTE COLLECTION QUOTATIONS RELATED RAIN WIKIMEDIA COMMONS MEDIA RELATED RAIN WHAT CLOUDS DOES 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FLOOR CONTENTS HIDE ETYMOLOGY MUSCLES WORKED ABDOMINALS DELTOID PECTORALIS MAJOR TRICEPS BRACHI VARIATIONS PLANCHE PUSH-UPS KNUCKLE PUSH-UPS MALTESE PUSH-UPS HINDU PUSH-UPS GUILLOTINE PUSH-UP BACKHANDED PUSH-UP VERSIONS OTHER VERSIONS PLYOMETRICS NON-TRAINING RECORD BREAKERS ATTEMPTS ANIMAL KINGDOM ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT ETYMOLOGYTHE AMERICAN ENGLISH TERM PUSH-UP FIRST USED BETWEEN WHILE BRITISH PRESS-UP FIRST RECORDED EDIT MUSCLES WORKEDWHILE PUSH-UP PRIMARILY TARGETS MUSCLES CHEST ARMS SHOULDERS SUPPORT REQUIRED FROM OTHER MUSCLES RESULTS WIDER RANGE MUSCLES INTEGRATED INTO EXERCISE MILITARY RECRUITS WILL OFTEN PERFORM PUSHUPS PART THEIR PHYSICAL TRAINING HERE MARINE TRAINEES MARINE CORPS RECRUIT DEPOT DIEGO PERFORM PUSH-UPS PART THEIR BASIC RECRUIT TRAINING EDIT ABDOMINALSTHE RECTUS ABDOMINIS TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS CONTRACT CONTINUALLY WHILE PERFORMING PUSH-UPS HOLD BODY FLOOR KEEP LEGS TORSO ALIGNED RECTUS ABDOMINIS SPANS FRONT ABDOMEN MOST PROMINENT ABDOMINAL MUSCLES TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS LIES DEEP WITHIN ABDOMEN WRAPPING AROUND ENTIRE ABDOMINAL AREA BOTH MUSCLES COMPRESS ABDOMEN RECTUS ABDOMINIS ALSO FLEXES SPINE FORWARD ALTHOUGH DOES EXECUTE THIS FUNCTION WHEN PERFORMING PUSH-UPS EDIT DELTOIDTHE ANTERIOR PORTION DELTOID MUSCLE MAJOR SHOULDER-JOINT HORIZONTAL ADDUCTORS MOVING YOUR UPPER ARMS TOWARD YOUR CHEST DURING UPWARD PHASE PUSH-UP ALSO HELPS CONTROL SPEED MOVEMENT DURING DOWNWARD PHASE DELTOID ATTACHES PARTS CLAVICLE SCAPULA JUST ABOVE SHOULDER JOINT OUTSIDE HUMERUS BONE OTHER ALONG WITH HORIZONTAL ADDUCTION ANTERIOR DELTOID ASSISTS WITH FLEXION INTERNAL ROTATION HUMERUS WITHIN SHOULDER SOCKET EDIT PECTORALIS MAJORTHE PECTORALIS MAJOR ANOTHER MAIN HORIZONTAL ADDUCTOR SHOULDER JOINT PERFORMS SAME FUNCTIONS ANTERIOR DELTOID DURING PUSH-UP ALSO CONTRIBUTES ADDUCTION EXTENSION FLEXION INTERNAL ROTATION RANGES MOTION MUSCLE DIVIDED INTO CLAVICULAR STERNAL PARTS BOTH PARTS ATTACH JUST OUTSIDE HEAD HUMERUS TOWARD CENTER YOUR BODY PARTS THEN SEPARATE WITH CLAVICULAR PART ATTACHING INNER TWO-THIRDS CLAVICLE STERNAL PART FRONT STERNUM FIRST RIBS EDIT TRICEPS BRACHIWHILE ANTERIOR DELTOIDS PECTORALIS MAJOR MUSCLES WORK HORIZONTALLY ADDUCT UPPER ARMS DURING UPWARD PHASE PUSH-UP TRICEPS BRACHII MUSCLES TRICEPS SHORT ALSO HARD WORK EXTENDING ELBOW JOINTS FULLY EXTEND YOUR ARMS TRICEPS ALSO CONTROL SPEED ELBOW-JOINT FLEXION DURING DOWNWARD PHASE EXERCISE CLOSER TOGETHER PLACE YOUR HANDS DURING PUSH-UP HARDER TRICEPS WORK MUSCLE DIVIDED INTO THREE HEADS LATERAL HEAD LONG HEAD MEDIAL HEAD LATERAL MEDIAL HEADS ATTACH BACK HUMERUS BONE LONG HEAD ATTACHES JUST BEHIND SHOULDER SOCKET THREE HEADS COMBINE ATTACH BACK YOUR ELBOW OTHER EDIT VARIATIONSIN FULL PUSH-UP BACK LEGS STRAIGHT FLOOR THERE SEVERAL VARIATIONS BESIDES COMMON PUSH-UP THESE INCLUDE BRINGING THUMBS INDEX FINGERS BOTH HANDS TOGETHER DIAMOND PUSHUP WELL HAVING ELBOWS POINTED TOWARDS KNEES THESE VARIATIONS INTENDED GREATER EMPHASIS TRICEPS SHOULDER RATHER THAN CHEST MUSCLES WHEN BOTH HANDS UNBALANCED UNEVEN SURFACES THIS EXERCISE WORKS BODY CORE RAISING FEET HANDS ONTO ELEVATED SURFACES DURING EXERCISE EMPHASIZE UPPER MINOR LOWER MAJOR PECTORALS RESPECTIVELY RAISING HANDS WITH PUSH-UP BARS DUMBBELL ALLOWS GREATER RANGE MOTION PROVIDING FURTHER STRESS MUSCLES VARIATION PUSH-UP PERSON WILL LIFTING ABOUT BODY WEIGHT EDIT PLANCHE PUSH-UPSANOTHER EXTREMELY DIFFICULT VARIATION PERFORM PUSH-UP USING ONLY HANDS WITHOUT RESTING FEET FLOOR STARTING FROM RETURNING PLANCHE POSITION THESE KNOWN PLANCHE PUSH-UPS THIS VARIATION BODY'S CENTER GRAVITY MUST KEPT OVER HANDS WHILE PERFORMING PUSH-UP LEANING FORWARD WHILE LEGS ELEVATED WHICH REQUIRES GREAT STRENGTH HIGH LEVEL BALANCE ENTIRE BODYWEIGHT LIFTED THIS VARIATION EDIT KNUCKLE PUSH-UPSANOTHER VARIATION PERFORM PUSHUPS KNUCKLES FIST RATHER THAN WITH PALMS HANDS FLOOR THIS METHOD ALSO COMMONLY USED MARTIAL ARTS SUCH KARATE KWON USED BOXING TRAINING WHILE WEARING BOXING GLOVES INTENT ADDITION BUILDING STRENGTH CONDITIONING TOUGHEN KNUCKLES WRIST FOREARM PUNCHING POSITION THIS VARIATION ALSO REDUCES AMOUNT STRAIN WRIST COMPARED TYPICAL PALMS FLOOR APPROACH SOMETIMES USED THOSE WITH WRIST INJURIES SUCH PRACTITIONERS WILL USUALLY PERFORM THEIR KNUCKLE PUSHUPS PADDED FLOOR ROLLED-UP TOWEL UNLIKE MARTIAL ARTISTS BARE-KNUCKLE PUSHUPS HARD FLOORS EDIT MALTESE PUSH-UPS MALTESE PUSH-UPS GYMNASTIC VARIATION PUSH-UP WHICH HANDS POSITIONED CLOSER HIPS OPPOSED PECTORALS WITH EXTREMELY GREAT DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM EDIT HINDU PUSH-UPSSEE ALSO SURYA NAMASKARA HINDU PUSH-UPS HANUMAN PUSH-UPS JUDO PUSH-UPS DIVE BOMBER PUSH-UPS ALTHOUGH LATTER VARY SLIGHTLY SECOND HALF MOVEMENT FORM EXERCISE PREVALENT INDIAN PAKISTANI PHYSICAL CULTURE INDIAN MARTIAL ARTS PARTICULARLY PEHLWANI EXECUTE HINDU PUSH-UP STARTS WITH FEET HANDS LITTLE MORE THAN SHOULDER WIDTH APART FORMING BODY INTO UPSIDE DOWN KEEPING HEAD NECK SPINE ALIGNED ARMS TOUCHING EARS THIS POSITION FROM THIS STARTING POSITION COMMONLY CALLED DOWNWARD YOGA BENDS ELBOWS LOWERING HEAD TOWARDS GROUND BRINGING CHEST ALMOST GROUND WHILE HIPS STILL ABOUT COUPLE FEET THEN SWOOPS FORWARD COBRA POSE WHICH MEANS THAT HEAD SHOULDERS HIGH WITH UNBENT ELBOWS KNEES HIPS ALMOST TOUCHING GROUND THIS POINT HINDU PUSH-UPS DIVE BOMBER PUSH-UPS SAME RETURN DOWNWARD POSITION HINDU PUSH-UP FROM COBRA POSE RAISE ABDOMEN INTO NORMAL PLANK POSITION THEN PUSH YOUR HIPS HEAD BACKWARDS INTO DOWNWARD THUS THAT HINDU PUSH-UP HEAD HIPS CIRCLES RATHER THAN DOWN DIVE BOMBER PUSH-UP FROM COBRA POSE BEND ELBOWS AGAIN REVERSE EXECUTION BACK INTO DOWNWARD DOWNWARD SHOULD SEEING YOUR KNEES SIMPLE EXERCISES DAND-BAITHAK PUSH-UP SQUATS PRACTICED VILLAGES INDIA BENEFICIAL EFFECT SPINE TAKES STRAIN FROM SPINE MAKES FIGHT OTHER STRAINS SPINE CAUSED ADOPTION ERECT POSTURE AMERICAN COLLEGE SPORTS MEDICINE RECOMMENDS USING PUSH-UP TEST EXAMINE ENDURANCE UPPER-BODY MUSCULATURE MALE SUBJECT ASSUMING DAND POSITION WITH BACK STRAIGHT HEAD HANDS PLACED SHOULDER WIDTH APART LOWERING BODY WITH CHIN TOUCHING ABDOMEN SHOULD TOUCH HINDU SQUATS CALLED UTHAK-BETHAK EXERCISE REGIMEN INDIAN WRESTLING OFTEN CONSISTS DOING INDIAN JACK-KNIFING PUSH-UPS INDIAN CLUB SWINGING SQUATS HINDU JACK-KNIFING PUSH-UPS PART CORE EXERCISES BUILDING STRENGTH STAMINA FLEXIBILITY JOINTS DAND ALSO PART EXERCISE REGIMEN BRUCE THEY COMMONLY CALLED SWALLOWDIVES ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES EDIT GUILLOTINE PUSH-UPTHE GUILLOTINE PUSH-UP FORM PUSH-UP EXERCISE DONE FROM ELEVATED POSITION EITHER HANDS ELEVATED PLATFORMS TRADITIONALLY MEDICINE BALLS WHERE PRACTITIONER LOWERS CHEST HEAD NECK THUS NAME PAST PLANE HANDS GOAL STRETCH SHOULDERS EXTRA EMPHASIS MUSCLES THERE EDIT BACKHANDED PUSH-UPTHE BACKHANDED PUSH-UP FORM PUSH-UPS PERFORMED USING BACK HANDS RATHER THAN PALMS CURRENTLY RECORD HOLDER BACKHANDED PUSH-UPS BILL KATHAN BROKE WORLD RECORD PERFORMING VALENTINE'S EDIT VERSIONS ARMY EMPLOYEE DEMONSTRATES ONE-ARM PUSH-UP EXTENDED POSITION OCTOBER MANY PUSH-UP VARIATIONS DONE USING INSTEAD THIS WILL FURTHER INCREASE RESISTANCE UPON TRAINEE EDIT OTHER VERSIONSTHERE SOME LESS DIFFICULT VERSIONS WHICH REDUCE EFFORT SUPPORTING SOME BODY WEIGHT SOME MOVE STANDARD PUSH-UP AFTER PROGRESS MADE WALL PUSH-UPS PERFORMED STANDING CLOSE WALL PUSHING AWAY FROM WALL WITH ARMS INCREASE DIFFICULTY MOVING ONE'S FEET FARTHER FROM WALL TABLE CHAIR PUSH-UPS PERFORMED PUSHING AWAY FROM TABLE CHAIR OTHER OBJECT LOWER OBJECT MORE DIFFICULT PUSH-UP SHOULD SURE THAT OBJECT SECURELY STATIONARY BEFORE ATTEMPTING PUSH FROM MODIFIED KNEE PUSH-UPS PERFORMED SUPPORTING LOWER BODY KNEES INSTEAD TOES WHICH REDUCES DIFFICULTY THIS USEFUL WARM DOWNS PYRAMIDS DROP SETS ENDURANCE TRAINING REHAB ALSO USED TRAIN MORE EXPLOSIVE PLYOMETRIC MANNER LIKE CLAPPING PUSHUPS WHEN CAN'T PERFORM THEM WITH FEET ALSO USED WITH -ARM VARIATIONS TRANSITION THREE PHASE PUSH-UPS INVOLVE SIMPLY BREAKING STANDARD PUSH INTO THREE COMPONENTS DOING EACH SLOWLY DELIBERATELY PARTICIPANTS USUALLY START FACE DOWN FLOOR WITH HANDS OUTSTRETCHED EITHER PERPENDICULAR PARALLEL BODY FIRST PHASE INVOLVES ARMS BEING BROUGHT PALMS DOWN DEGREE ANGLE ELBOWS SECOND PHASE INVOLVES BODY BEING PUSHED INTO POSITION THIRD PHASE RETURNING STARTING POSITION THIS TECHNIQUE COMMONLY USED AFTER LARGE BLOCK REGULAR PUSH POSES LESS STRESS REQUIRES LESS EFFORT DIAMOND TRICEPS PUSH-UPS DONE PLACING BOTH PALMS GROUND TOUCHING TOGETHER BOTH THUMBS POINTER FINGERS THIS TECHNIQUE REQUIRES STRONGER TRICEPS MUSCLES THAN REGULAR PUSH-UPS FACT THAT BOTTOM STROKE FOREARM NEARLY PARALLEL GROUND ELBOW ALMOST COMPLETELY FLEXED RESULTING MUCH HIGHER MECHANICAL LOAD TRICEPS EDIT PLYOMETRICSTWO PLATFORMS PLACED BESIDE TRAINEE EITHER SIDE EXERCISE BEGINS WITH HANDS EITHER PLATFORM SUPPORTIN

Thanks to ÍSLAY RETIC for these words.

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