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PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE BRANCH PHILOSOPHY STUDIES PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS FOUNDATIONS IMPLICATIONS SCIENCE INCLUDING FORMAL SCIENCES NATURAL SCIENCES SOCIAL SCIENCES RESPECT PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE CLOSELY RELATED EPISTEMOLOGY PHILOSOPHY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE INCLUDES CONSIDERATION FOLLOWING TOPICS CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS TERMS PROPOSITIONS HYPOTHESES ARGUMENTS CONCLUSIONS FUNCTION SCIENCE MANNER WHICH SCIENCE EXPLAINS NATURAL PHENOMENA PREDICTS NATURAL OCCURRENCES TYPES REASONING ARRIVE SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSIONS FORMULATION SCOPE LIMITS SCIENTIFIC METHOD MEANS SHOULD DETERMINING VALIDITY SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION OTHER WORDS QUESTION OBJECTIVITY IMPLICATIONS SCIENTIFIC METHODS MODELS ALONG TECHNOLOGY ARISES SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE LARGER SOCIETY ISSUES SCIENTIFIC ETHICS USUALLY CONSIDERED PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE STUDIED FIELDS BIOETHICS SCIENCE STUDIES CONTENTS NATURE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS STATEMENTS THEORY-DEPENDENCE OBSERVATION INDETERMINACY THEORY UNDER EMPIRICAL TESTING EMPIRICISM SCIENTIFIC REALISM INSTRUMENTALISM SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM ANALYSIS REDUCTIONISM GROUNDS VALIDITY SCIENTIFIC REASONING INDUCTION FALSIFIABILITY COHERENTISM OCKHAM'S RAZOR SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY SCIENTIFIC INFALLIBILITY CRITIQUES SCIENCE SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY SCIENCE CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE TRADITIONAL CHINESE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE SCIENTISTS REFERENCES MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE PHILOSOPHY SPECIAL SCIENCES PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE TOPICS EXTERNAL LINKS NATURE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS STATEMENTS SCIENCE DRAWS CONCLUSIONS ABOUT WORLD WHICH SCIENTIFIC THEORY RELATES WORLD SCIENCE DRAWS EVIDENCE EXPERIMENTATION LOGICAL DEDUCTION RATIONAL THOUGHT ORDER EXAMINE WORLD INDIVIDUALS EXIST WITHIN SOCIETY MAKING OBSERVATIONS NATURE INDIVIDUALS THEIR SURROUNDINGS SCIENCE SEEKS EXPLAIN CONCEPTS ENTWINED EVERYDAY LIVES SCIENCE GENERAL NEITHER NATURAL MORAL SCIENCE SIMPLY SCIENCE APPLICATION LOGICAL FRAME REFERENCE OBJECTS SITUATIONS OTHER WORDS SCIENCE METHOD CONFUSED CONTENT SUBJECT MATTER PARTICULAR SCIENCE THEORY-DEPENDENCE OBSERVATION SCIENTIFIC METHOD DEPENDS OBSERVATION DEFINING SUBJECT UNDER INVESTIGATION PERFORMING EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATION INVOLVES PERCEPTION COGNITIVE PROCESS OBSERVATION PASSIVELY ACTIVELY INVOLVED DISTINGUISHING THING BEING OBSERVED SURROUNDING SENSORY THEREFORE OBSERVATIONS DEPEND UNDERLYING UNDERSTANDING WHICH WORLD FUNCTIONS UNDERSTANDING INFLUENCE PERCEIVED NOTICED DEEMED WORTHY CONSIDERATION SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS EARLY VERSION UNDERSTANDING IMPACT CULTURAL ARTIFACTS PERCEPTIONS WORLD EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION SUPPOSEDLY DETERMINE ACCEPTABILITY HYPOTHESIS WITHIN THEORY SOMEONE CLAIMS OBSERVATION REASONABLE JUSTIFY THEIR CLAIM JUSTIFICATION REFERENCE THEORY OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS HYPOTHESES WHICH OBSERVATION EMBEDDED OBSERVATION COMPONENT THEORY CONTAINS HYPOTHESIS EITHER VERIFIES FALSIFIES MEANS OBSERVATION CANNOT SERVE NEUTRAL ARBITER BETWEEN COMPETING HYPOTHESES OBSERVATION COULD NEUTRALLY INDEPENDENT THEORY THOMAS DENIED POSSIBLE ISOLATE THEORY BEING TESTED INFLUENCE THEORY WHICH OBSERVATIONS GROUNDED ARGUED OBSERVATIONS ALWAYS SPECIFIC PARADIGM POSSIBLE EVALUATE COMPETING PARADIGMS INDEPENDENTLY PARADIGM MEANT ESSENTIALLY LOGICALLY CONSISTENT PORTRAIT WORLD INVOLVES LOGICAL CONTRADICTIONS LOGICALLY CONSISTENT CONSTRUCT PAINT USABLE LIKENESS WORLD POINTLESS AGAINST OTHER THEORY AGAINST THEORY NEITHER STANDARD WHICH OTHER JUDGED INSTEAD QUESTION WHICH PORTRAIT JUDGED PEOPLE PROMISE TERMS “PUZZLE SOLVING” CHOICE PARADIGM SUSTAINED ULTIMATELY DETERMINED LOGICAL PROCESSES INDIVIDUAL'S CHOICE BETWEEN PARADIGMS INVOLVES SETTING “PORTRAITS AGAINST WORLD DECIDING WHICH LIKENESS PROMISING GENERAL ACCEPTANCE PARADIGM ANOTHER BELIEVED REPRESENTED CONSENSUS COMMUNITY SCIENTISTS ACCEPTANCE REJECTION PARADIGM ARGUED SOCIAL LOGICAL PROCESS OBSERVATION EMBEDDED THEORY OBSERVATIONS IRRELEVANT SCIENCE SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING DERIVES OBSERVATION ACCEPTANCE SCIENTIFIC STATEMENTS DEPENDENT RELATED THEORETICAL BACKGROUND PARADIGM OBSERVATION COHERENTISM SKEPTICISM OFFER ALTERNATIVES FOUNDATIONALISM DEALING DIFFICULTY GROUNDING SCIENTIFIC THEORIES SOMETHING OBSERVATIONS INDETERMINACY THEORY UNDER EMPIRICAL TESTING DUHEM–QUINE THESIS AFTER PIERRE DUHEM QUINE POINTS THEORY COMPATIBLE EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION ADDITION SUITABLE HYPOTHESES ANALOGOUS WHICH INFINITE NUMBER CURVES DRAWN THROUGH FINITE POINTS GRAPH THESIS ACCEPTED POPPER LEADING REJECT NAïVE FALSIFICATION FAVOUR 'SURVIVAL FITTEST' FALSIFIABLE SCIENTIFIC THEORIES POPPER'S HYPOTHESIS TESTABLE PREDICTIONS SIMPLY SCIENCE HYPOTHESIS USEFUL VALUABLE CANNOT SCIENCE CONFIRMATION HOLISM DEVELOPED QUINE STATES EMPIRICAL SUFFICIENT JUDGEMENT BETWEEN THEORIES THEORY ALWAYS AVAILABLE EMPIRICAL EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE SERVE DETERMINE BETWEEN ALTERNATE THEORIES IMPLY THEORIES EQUAL VALUE RATHER PRETENDING UNIVERSALLY APPLICABLE METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE SCIENTIST MAKING PERSONAL CHOICE CHOOSING PARTICULAR THEORY ANOTHER OFTEN USING GUIDING PRINCIPLES OCCAM'S RAZOR RESULT SPECIALISTS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE STRESS REQUIREMENT OBSERVATIONS PURPOSES SCIENCE RESTRICTED INTERSUBJECTIVE OBJECTS SCIENCE RESTRICTED THOSE AREAS WHERE THERE GENERAL AGREEMENT NATURE OBSERVATIONS INVOLVED COMPARATIVELY AGREE OBSERVATIONS PHYSICAL PHENOMENA HARDER AGREE OBSERVATIONS SOCIAL MENTAL PHENOMENA DIFFICULT EXTREME REACH AGREEMENT MATTERS THEOLOGY ETHICS EMPIRICISM CENTRAL CONCEPT PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE EMPIRICISM DEPENDENCE EVIDENCE EMPIRICISM KNOWLEDGE DERIVED EXPERIENCES THROUGHOUT LIVES SENSE SCIENTIFIC STATEMENTS SUBJECT DERIVED EXPERIENCES OBSERVATIONS SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES DEVELOPED TESTED THROUGH EMPIRICAL METHODS CONSISTING OBSERVATIONS EXPERIMENTS REPRODUCED WIDELY ENOUGH INFORMATION RESULTING OBSERVATIONS EXPERIMENTS COUNTS EVIDENCE WHICH SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY DEVELOPS THEORIES PURPORT EXPLAIN FACTS ABOUT WORLD OBSERVATIONS INVOLVE PERCEPTION THEMSELVES COGNITIVE OBSERVATIONS THEMSELVES EMBEDDED UNDERSTANDING WHICH WORLD WORKS UNDERSTANDING CHANGES OBSERVATIONS THEMSELVES APPARENTLY CHANGE ACCURATELY INTERPRETATION OBSERVATIONS CHANGE DESIGNED EXPERIMENT PRODUCE IDENTICAL RESULTS CARRIED IDENTICAL FASHION WHENEVER SOCIAL CONTEXT OBSERVER FACTOR OBSERVATION OBJECTIVITY OBSERVATION LONGER USEFUL SCIENTIFIC SENSE SCIENTISTS ATTEMPT INDUCTION DEDUCTION QUASI-EMPIRICAL METHODS INVOKE CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS OBSERVATIONS COHERENT SELF-CONSISTENT STRUCTURE SCIENTIFIC REALISM INSTRUMENTALISM SCIENTIFIC REALISM UNIVERSE REALLY EXPLAINED SCIENTIFIC STATEMENTS REALISTS THINGS ELECTRONS MAGNETIC FIELDS ACTUALLY EXIST CONTRAST REALISM INSTRUMENTALISM HOLDS PERCEPTIONS SCIENTIFIC IDEAS THEORIES NECESSARILY REFLECT WORLD ACCURATELY USEFUL INSTRUMENTS EXPLAIN PREDICT CONTROL EXPERIENCES INSTRUMENTALIST ELECTRONS MAGNETIC FIELDS CONVENIENT IDEAS ACTUALLY EXIST INSTRUMENTALISTS EMPIRICAL METHOD THEORIES CONSISTENT OBSERVATIONS INSTRUMENTALISM LARGELY BASED DEWEY'S PHILOSOPHY GENERALLY PRAGMATISM WHICH INFLUENCED PHILOSOPHERS WILLIAM JAMES CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM INTEREST AMONG HISTORIANS PHILOSOPHERS SOCIOLOGISTS SCIENCE EXTENT WHICH SCIENTIFIC THEORIES SHAPED THEIR SOCIAL POLITICAL CONTEXT APPROACH USUALLY KNOWN SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM SENSE EXTENSION INSTRUMENTALISM INCORPORATES SOCIAL ASPECTS SCIENCE STRONGEST SCIENCE MERELY DISCOURSE BETWEEN SCIENTISTS OBJECTIVE PLAYING SMALL WEAKER CONSTRUCTIVIST POSITION MIGHT SOCIAL FACTORS LARGE ACCEPTANCE SCIENTIFIC THEORIES ANALYSIS REDUCTIONISM ANALYSIS ACTIVITY BREAKING OBSERVATION THEORY SIMPLER CONCEPTS ORDER UNDERSTAND ANALYSIS ESSENTIAL SCIENCE RATIONAL ENTERPRISES WOULD IMPOSSIBLE INSTANCE DESCRIBE MATHEMATICALLY MOTION PROJECTILE WITHOUT SEPARATING FORCE GRAVITY ANGLE PROJECTION INITIAL VELOCITY AFTER ANALYSIS POSSIBLE FORMULATE SUITABLE THEORY MOTION REDUCTIONISM SCIENCE SEVERAL DIFFERENT SENSES REDUCTIONISM BELIEF FIELDS STUDY ULTIMATELY AMENABLE SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION PERHAPS HISTORICAL EVENT MIGHT EXPLAINED SOCIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL TERMS WHICH MIGHT DESCRIBED TERMS HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY WHICH MIGHT DESCRIBED TERMS CHEMISTRY PHYSICS HISTORICAL EVENT REDUCED PHYSICAL EVENT MIGHT IMPLYING HISTORICAL EVENT 'NOTHING PHYSICAL EVENT DENYING EXISTENCE EMERGENT PHENOMENA DANIEL DENNETT INVENTED GREEDY REDUCTIONISM DESCRIBE ASSUMPTION REDUCTIONISM POSSIBLE CLAIMS SCIENCE' SEEKING EXPLANATIONS WHICH APPEALING ELOQUENT RATHER THOSE PREDICTING NATURAL PHENOMENA THERE THING PHILOSOPHY-FREE SCIENCE THERE SCIENCE WHOSE PHILOSOPHICAL BAGGAGE TAKEN BOARD WITHOUT EXAMINATION —DANIEL DENNETT DARWIN'S DANGEROUS ARGUMENTS AGAINST GREEDY REDUCTIONISM THROUGH REFERENCE EMERGENT PHENOMENA SELF-REFERENTIAL SYSTEMS CONTAIN INFORMATION DESCRIBED THROUGH INDIVIDUAL ANALYSIS THEIR COMPONENT PARTS EXAMPLES INCLUDE SYSTEMS CONTAIN STRANGE LOOPS FRACTAL ORGANISATION STRANGE ATTRACTORS PHASE SPACE ANALYSIS SYSTEMS NECESSARILY INFORMATION-DESTRUCTIVE BECAUSE OBSERVER SELECT SAMPLE SYSTEM PARTIALLY REPRESENTATIVE INFORMATION THEORY CALCULATE MAGNITUDE INFORMATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED CHAOS THEORY GROUNDS VALIDITY SCIENTIFIC REASONING POWERFUL STATEMENTS SCIENCE THOSE WIDEST APPLICABILITY NEWTON'S THIRD EVERY ACTION THERE OPPOSITE EQUAL REACTION POWERFUL STATEMENT BECAUSE APPLIES EVERY ACTION ANYWHERE POSSIBLE SCIENTISTS TESTED EVERY INCIDENCE ACTION FOUND REACTION ASSERT THIRD SENSE COURSE TESTED ACTIONS CORRESPONDING REACTION THIRD FOUND INDUCTION SOLUTION PROBLEM NOTION INDUCTION INDUCTIVE REASONING MAINTAINS SITUATION HOLDS OBSERVED CASES SITUATION HOLDS CASES AFTER COMPLETING SERIES EXPERIMENTS SUPPORT THIRD JUSTIFIED MAINTAINING HOLDS CASES EXPLAINING INDUCTION COMMONLY WORKS SOMEWHAT PROBLEMATIC CANNOT DEDUCTION USUAL PROCESS MOVING LOGICALLY PREMISE CONCLUSION BECAUSE THERE SIMPLY SYLLOGISM ALLOW MATTER TIMES CENTURY BIOLOGISTS OBSERVED WHITE SWANS DIFFERENT LOCATIONS THERE DEDUCTIVE CONCLUSION SWANS WHITE SINCE TURNED CONCLUSION WOULD WRONG SIMILARLY LEAST POSSIBLE OBSERVATION TOMORROW SHOWS OCCASION WHICH ACTION ACCOMPANIED REACTION SCIENTIFIC ANSWER CONCEIVE DIFFERENT RATIONAL ARGUMENT DEDUCTION DEDUCTION ALLOWS FORMULATE SPECIFIC TRUTH GENERAL TRUTH CROWS BLACK THEREFORE BLACK INDUCTION SOMEHOW ALLOWS FORMULATE GENERAL TRUTH SERIES SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS BLACK BLACK THEREFORE CROWS BLACK PROBLEM INDUCTION CONSIDERABLE DEBATE IMPORTANCE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE INDUCTION INDEED JUSTIFIED FALSIFIABILITY ARTICLE FALSIFIABILITY ANOTHER DISTINGUISH SCIENCE PSEUDOSCIENCE ASTRONOMY ASTROLOGY FIRST FORMALLY DISCUSSED POPPER REFORMULATED FALSIFIABILITY PRINCIPLE STATES ORDER USEFUL SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT 'FACT' THEORY 'LAW' PRINCIPLE FALSIFIABLE TESTED PROVEN WRONG POPPER DESCRIBED FALSIFIABILITY USING FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS PARAPHRASED ESSAY CONJECTURES REFUTATIONS CONFIRM VERIFY NEARLY EVERY THEORY CONFIRMATIONS CONFIRMATIONS SIGNIFICANT RESULT RISKY PREDICTIONS UNENLIGHTENED THEORY SHOULD EXPECTED EVENT WHICH INCOMPATIBLE THEORY EVENT WHICH WOULD REFUTED THEORY SCIENTIFIC THEORIES INCLUDE PROHIBITIONS WHICH FORBID CERTAIN THINGS HAPPEN THEORY FORBIDS BETTER THEORY WHICH REFUTABLE CONCEIVABLE EVENT NON-SCIENTIFIC IRREFUTABILITY VIRTUE THEORY EVERY GENUINE THEORY ATTEMPT FALSIFY REFUTE THEORIES GREATER RISKS TESTABLE EXPOSED REFUTATION CONFIRMING CORROBORATING EVIDENCE SIGNIFICANT RESULT GENUINE THEORY GENUINE MEANS COMES SERIOUS UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT FALSIFY THEORY GENUINELY TESTABLE THEORIES FOUND FALSE STILL UPHELD THEIR ADVOCATES EXAMPLE INTRODUCING AUXILIARY ASSUMPTION REINTERPRETING THEORY ESCAPES REFUTATION PROCEDURE ALWAYS POSSIBLE RESCUES THEORY REFUTATION PRICE DESTROYING LEAST LOWERING SCIENTIFIC STATUS THESE OBSERVATIONS POPPER'S DEFENDING MAKES THEORY SCIENTIFIC FALSIFIABILITY REFUTABILITY DESPITE CRITICISMS FALSIFIABILITY PHILOSOPHERS REMAINS CORNERSTONE WORKING SCIENTISTS' PERSONAL PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE CITATION NEEDED COHERENTISM INDUCTION FALSIFICATION ATTEMPT JUSTIFY SCIENTIFIC STATEMENTS REFERENCE OTHER SPECIFIC SCIENTIFIC STATEMENTS AVOID PROBLEM CRITERION WHICH JUSTIFICATION JUSTIFIED RESULTING INFINITE REGRESS REGRESS ARGUMENT JUSTIFY INFINITE REGRESS FOUNDATIONALISM FOUNDATIONALISM CLAIMS THERE BASIC STATEMENTS REQUIRE JUSTIFICATION INDUCTION FALSIFICATION FORMS FOUNDATIONALISM BASIC STATEMENTS DERIVE DIRECTLY OBSERVATIONS WHICH BASIC STATEMENTS DERIVED OBSERVATION COMPLICATES PROBLEM OBSERVATION COGNITIVE RELIES EXISTING UNDERSTANDING BELIEFS OBSERVATION TRANSIT VENUS REQUIRES RANGE AUXILIARY BELIEFS THOSE DESCRIBE OPTICS TELESCOPES MECHANICS TELESCOPE MOUNT UNDERSTANDING CELESTIAL MECHANICS FIRST SIGHT OBSERVATION APPEAR 'BASIC' COHERENTISM OFFERS ALTERNATIVE CLAIMING STATEMENTS JUSTIFIED THEIR BEING COHERENT SYSTEM SCIENCE SYSTEM USUALLY TAKEN COMPLETE BELIEFS INDIVIDUAL COMMUNITY SCIENTISTS QUINE ARGUED COHERENTIST APPROACH SCIENCE OBSERVATION TRANSIT VENUS JUSTIFIED BEING COHERENT BELIEFS ABOUT OPTICS TELESCOPE MOUNTS CELESTIAL MECHANICS WHERE OBSERVATION THESE AUXILIARY BELIEFS ADJUSTMENT SYSTEM REQUIRED REMOVE CONTRADICTION OCKHAM'S RAZOR WILLIAM OCKHAM REMEMBERED INFLUENTIAL NOMINALIST POPULAR GREAT LOGICIAN RESTS CHIEFLY MAXIM KNOWN OCKHAM'S RAZOR ENTIA MULTIPLICANDA PRAETER NECESSITATEM DOUBT REPRESENTS CORRECTLY GENERAL TENDENCY PHILOSOPHY FOUND WRITINGS NEAREST PRONOUNCEMENT SEEMS NUMQUAM PONENDA PLURALITAS NECESSITATE WHICH OCCURS THEOLOGICAL SENTENCES PETER LOMBARD SUPER QUATTUOR LIBROS SENTENTIARUM SUMMA TOTIUS LOGICAE OCKHAM CITES PRINCIPLE ECONOMY FRUSTRA PLURA POTEST FIERI PAUCIORA KNEALE KNEALE PRACTICE SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY TYPICALLY INVOLVES NUMBER HEURISTIC PRINCIPLES SERVE RULES THUMB GUIDING PROMINENT AMONG THESE PRINCIPLES CONCEPTUAL ECONOMY THEORETICAL PARSIMONY CUSTOMARILY PLACED UNDER RUBRIC OCKHAM'S RAZOR NAMED AFTER CENTURY FRANCISCAN FRIAR WILLIAM OCKHAM CREDITED GIVING MAXIM PITHY EXPRESSIONS WHICH FOUND AMONG EXTANT WORKS MOTTO COMMONLY CITED ENTITIES SHOULD MULTIPLIED BEYOND NECESSITY GENERALLY TAKEN SUGGEST SIMPLEST EXPLANATION TENDS CORRECT INTERPRETED CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC PRACTICE ADVISES OPTING SIMPLEST THEORY AMONG COMPETING THEORIES COMPARABLE EXPLANATORY POWER DISCARDING ASSUMPTIONS IMPROVE EXPLANATION OTHER THINGS BEING EQUAL CLAUSE CRITICAL QUALIFICATION WHICH RATHER SEVERELY LIMITS UTILITY OCKHAM'S RAZOR PRACTICE THEORISTS RARELY THEMSELVES PRESENTED COMPETENT THEORIES EXACTLY EQUAL EXPLANATORY ADEQUACY AMONG DIFFICULTIES ARISE TRYING APPLY OCKHAM'S RAZOR PROBLEM FORMALIZING QUANTIFYING MEASURE SIMPLICITY IMPLIED DECIDING WHICH SEVERAL THEORIES SIMPLEST ALTHOUGH VARIOUS MEASURES SIMPLICITY BROUGHT FORWARD POTENTIAL CANDIDATES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED THERE THING THEORY-INDEPENDENT MEASURE SIMPLICITY OTHER WORDS THERE APPEAR DIFFERENT MEASURES SIMPLICITY THERE THEORIES THEMSELVES CHOOSING BETWEEN MEASURES SIMPLICITY APPEARS EVERY PROBLEMATIC CHOOSING BETWEEN THEORIES MOREOVER EXTREMELY DIFFICULT IDENTIFY HYPOTHESES THEORIES COMPARABLE EXPLANATORY POWER THOUGH READILY POSSIBLE EXTREMES OCKHAM'S RAZOR SIMPLEST ACCOUNT PREFERRED REGARDLESS CAPACITY EXPLAIN OUTLIERS EXCEPTIONS OTHER PHENOMENA QUESTION PRINCIPLE FALSIFIABILITY REQUIRES EXCEPTION RELIABLY REPRODUCED SHOULD INVALIDATE SIMPLEST THEORY NEXT-SIMPLEST ACCOUNT WHICH ACTUALLY INCORPORATE EXCEPTION THEORY SHOULD PREFERRED FIRST ALBERT EINSTEIN SUPREME THEORY IRREDUCIBLE BASIC ELEMENTS SIMPLE POSSIBLE WITHOUT HAVING SURRENDER ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION SINGLE DATUM EXPERIENCE SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY SCIENTIFIC INFALLIBILITY CRITICAL QUESTION SCIENCE DEGREE CURRENT SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE TAKEN INDICATOR ACTUALLY 'TRUE' ABOUT PHYSICAL WORLD WHICH ACCEPTANCE KNOWLEDGE ABSOLUTELY UNQUESTIONABLE SENSE THEOLOGY IDEOLOGY CALLED SCIENTISM HOWEVER COMMON MEMBERS PUBLIC OPPOSITE SCIENCE PEOPLE BELIEVE SCIENTISTS MAKING CLAIMS INFALLIBILITY SCIENCE SERVES PROCESS CONSENSUS DECISION MAKING WHICH PEOPLE VARYING MORAL ETHICAL VIEWS AGREE 'WHAT REAL' SECULAR TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIETIES WITHOUT STRONGER CONCEPTION REALITY BASED OTHER SHARED ETHICAL MORAL RELIGIOUS GROUNDS SCIENCE SERVE PRIMARY ARBITER DISPUTES LEADS ABUSE SCIENTIFIC DIALOGUE POLITICAL COMMERCIAL CONCERN ABOUT DISPARITY BETWEEN SCIENTISTS THEIR PERCEIVED PUBLIC CAMPAIGNS EDUCATE PEOPLE ABOUT SCIENTIFIC SKEPTICISM SCIENTIFIC METHOD CRITIQUES SCIENCE FEYERABEND ARGUED DESCRIPTION SCIENTIFIC METHOD COULD POSSIBLY BROAD ENOUGH ENCOMPASS APPROACHES METHODS SCIENTISTS FEYERABEND OBJECTED PRESCRIPTIVE SCIENTIFIC METHOD GROUNDS METHOD WOULD STIFLE CRAMP SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS FEYERABEND CLAIMED PRINCIPLE INHIBIT PROGRESS ANYTHING SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY SCIENCE STRUCTURE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS ARGUES PROCESS OBSERVATION EVALUATION PLACE WITHIN PARADIGM PARADIGM MEMBERS COMMUNITY SCIENTISTS SHARE CONVERSELY SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY CONSISTS SHARE PARADIGM' POSTSCRIPT ACCOUNT SCIENCE COMMUNITY INHERENTLY COMMUNAL ACTIVITY FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENCE OTHER DISCIPLINES WHICH COMMUNITIES FUNCTION OTHERS ESPECIALLY FEYERABEND POST-MODERNIST THINKERS ARGUED THERE INSUFFICIENT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL PRACTICES SCIENCE OTHER DISCIPLINES MAINTAIN DISTINCTION APPARENT SOCIAL FACTORS IMPORTANT DIRECT SCIENTIFIC METHOD SERVE DIFFERENTIATE SCIENCE OTHER DISCIPLINES FURTHERMORE ALTHOUGH ACCOUNT SCIENCE SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED FOLLOW REALITY SOCIAL CONSTRUCT SCIENCE STUDIES LINKS THERE KUHN’S IDEAS EQUALLY APPLICABLE REALIST ANTI-REALIST ONTOLOGIES THERE HOWEVER THOSE MAINTAIN SCIENTIFIC REALITY INDEED SOCIAL CONSTRUCT ASSOCIATED CERTAIN PROPONENTS CULTURAL STUDIES EXAMPLE SOKAL AFFAIR ENTRY MAJOR DEVELOPMENT RECENT DECADES STUDY FORMATION STRUCTURE EVOLUTION SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES SOCIOLOGISTS ANTHROPOLOGISTS INCLUDING MICHEL CALLON ELIHU GERSON BRUNO LATOUR SUSAN LEIGH ANSLEM STRAUSS SUCHMAN OTHERS THEIR PREVIOUSLY LOOSELY GATHERED ACTOR NETWORK THEORY APPROACH PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE STUDY SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITIES ACTUALLY OPERATE RESEARCHERS INFORMATION SCIENCE CONTRIBUTIONS SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY METAPHOR CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITION SCIENCE VIEWED WORLD-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE FIRST PHILOSOPHERS SUPPORTED GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL PHILOSOPHERS ERNST PIERRE DUHEM GASTON BACHELARD WROTE THEIR WORKS WORLD-HISTORICAL APPROACH SCIENCE OTHER APPROACHES SCIENCE INCLUDE EDMUND HUSSERL'S PHENOMENOLOGY MARTIN HEIDEGGER'S HERMENEUTICS THESE APPROACHES INVOLVE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGICAL SCIENCE SPECIAL EMPHASIS LIVED EXPERIENCE HUSSERLIAN LIFE-WORLD RATHER PROGRESS-BASED ANTI-HISTORICAL APPROACH ANALYTIC TRADITION TRADITIONAL CHINESE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE ANCIENT CHINA SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY SUBORDINATE VALUE FORMLESS PERSONAL CONFUCIANISM HOLISTICALLY MINGLED FORMS USEFULNESS THEREFORE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE VALUES MORAL PRAGMATIC CONSIDERATIONS SINGLE ENTITY TOGETHER HOLISTIC HEALTH PACIFISM SKEPTICISM TOTALITARIANISM TAOISM FORMED CHARACTERISTICS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE SCIENTISTS SCIENTISTS TRAINED PHILOSOPHERS COMMENTED EXTENSIVELY PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE RELATES THEIR PARTICULAR DISCIPLINE ALBERT EINSTEIN EXAMPLE WROTE NUMBER POPULAR WORKS INCLUDED SPECULATIONS NATURE SCIENCE RELATIONSHIP THEOLOGY STEPHEN GOULD COMMENTED SIMILAR ISSUES REGARDING BIOLOGY CASES PHILOSOPHERS INSPIRATION WRITINGS PROVIDE CAREFUL ANALYSES SCIENTISTS PHILOSOPHICAL MUSINGS WELL-KNOWN ELOQUENT SCIENTISTS ACCESSIBLE RELEVANT THEIR PHILOSOPHERS GENERALLY WRITE AUDIENCE FELLOW PHILOSOPHERS RECENTLY BATTLES TEACHING EVOLUTION INTELLIGENT DESIGN PUBLIC SCHOOLS BROUGHT CERTAIN PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES NOTABLY MAKES STUDY SCIENTIFIC PRACTICING BIOLOGICAL GEOLOGICAL SCIENTISTS FOUND THEMSELVES BEING ASKED COMMENT MATTERS LEAST PHILOSOPHY BIOLOGY REFERENCES GASPER TROUT PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS CAMBRIDGE GLAZEBROOK TRISH HEIDEGGER'S PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE FORDHAM UNIVERSITY PRESS GUTTING CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS CAMBRIDGE HARRE PHILOSOPHIES SCIENCE INTRODUCTORY SURVEY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON HEELAN PATRICK SPACE-PERCEPTION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE UNIVERSITY CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY KEARNEY ROUTLEDGE HISTORY PHILOSOPHY ROUTLEDGE PRESS KLEMKE INTRODUCTORY READINGS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE PROMETHEUS BOOKS AMHERST KNEALE WILLIAM KNEALE MARTHA DEVELOPMENT LOGIC OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON KUIPERS STRUCTURES SCIENCE ADVANCED TEXTBOOK NEO-CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE SYNTHESE LIBRARY SPRINGER-VERLAG LADYMAN UNDERSTANDING PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE ROUTLEDGE LONDON LOSEE HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD NEWTON-SMITH COMPANION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS MALDEN NIINILUOTO CRITICAL SCIENTIFIC REALISM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD INTRODUCTION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE PRESS PAPINEAU PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD PIATTELLI-PALMARINI MASSIMO LANGUAGE LEARNING DEBATE BETWEEN PIAGET CHOMSKY HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE ROSENBERG PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE CONTEMPORARY INTRODUCTION ROUTLEDGE LONDON RUNES DICTIONARY PHILOSOPHY LITTLEFIELD ADAMS COMPANY TOTOWA SALMON INTRODUCTION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE MEMBERS DEPARTMENT HISTORY PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE UNIVERSITY PITTSBURGH HACKET PUBLISHING COMPANY INDIANAPOLIS SNYDER TOWARD SCIENCE CONVERGENCE TRADITIONS MARTIN'S PRESS FRAASSEN SCIENTIFIC IMAGE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD JAMES ENERGY IDEAS PRESS CAMBRIDGE EPISTEMOLOGY HISTORY PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE HISTORY SCIENCE INQUIRY OBJECTIVITY PHILOSOPHY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY MATHEMATICS POSITIVISM PUBLICATIONS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE SCIENCE STUDIES SCIENTIFIC MATERIALISM SCIENTIFIC METHOD SCIENTISM SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION SOCIOLOGY SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE SOCIOLOGY SCIENCE MAJOR CONTRIBUTORS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE FRANCIS BACON ROGER BACON BHASKAR MICHEL CALLON RUDOLPH CARNAP AUGUSTE COMTE DESCARTES PIERRE DUHEM ALBERT EINSTEIN EMPEDOCLES FEYERABEND RICHARD FEYNMAN GALILEO GALILEI ROBERT GROSSETESTE EDMUND HUSSERL IMMANUEL THOMAS LAKATOS BRUNO LATOUR ERNST ISAAC NEWTON CHARLES PEIRCE MICHAEL POLANYI POPPER BERTRAND RUSSELL DAVID STOVE WILLIAM WHEWELL PHILOSOPHY SPECIAL SCIENCES PHILOSOPHY BIOLOGY PHILOSOPHY CHEMISTRY PHILOSOPHY PHYSICS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE TOPICS CAUSALITY CURVE FITTING DEMARCATION PROBLEM DUALISM FAITH RATIONALITY DETERMINISM PHILOSOPHY MATHEMATICS PHILOSOPHY SPACE PROBLEM CRITERION SIMPLICITY UNIFORMITY UNOBSERVABLES RHETORIC SCIENCE EXTERNAL LINKS STANFORD ENCYCLOPEDIA PHILOSOPHY CONTAINS ENTRIES DIFFERENT PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE TOPICS INTRODUCTION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE AIMED BEGINNERS NEWALL ESSAYS CONCEPTS PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE GALILEAN LIBRARY SCIENCE KNOWLEDGE PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE

Thanks to Phaedrus for these words.

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