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APPLE FROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA JUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH THIS ARTICLE ABOUT FRUIT TECHNOLOGY COMPANY APPLE OTHER USES APPLE DISAMBIGUATION APPLE TREE REDIRECTS HERE OTHER USES APPLE TREE DISAMBIGUATION APPLE TYPICAL APPLE SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM PLANTAE UNRANKED ANGIOSPERMS UNRANKED EUDICOTS UNRANKED ROSIDS ORDER ROSALES FAMILY ROSACEAE SUBFAMILY MALOIDEAE SPIRAEOIDEAE TRIBE MALEAE GENUS MALUS SPECIES DOMESTICA BINOMIAL NAME MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH APPLE POMACEOUS FRUIT APPLE TREE SPECIES MALUS DOMESTICA ROSE FAMILY ROSACEAE MOST WIDELY CULTIVATED TREE FRUITS MOST WIDELY KNOWN MANY MEMBERS GENUS MALUS THAT USED HUMANS APPLES GROW SMALL DECIDUOUS TREES TREE ORIGINATED WESTERN ASIA WHERE WILD ANCESTOR MALUS SIEVERSII STILL FOUND TODAY APPLES HAVE BEEN GROWN THOUSANDS YEARS ASIA EUROPE WERE BROUGHT NORTH AMERICA EUROPEAN COLONISTS APPLES HAVE BEEN PRESENT MYTHOLOGY RELIGIONS MANY CULTURES INCLUDING NORSE GREEK CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS FRUIT'S GENOME DECODED LEADING UNDERSTANDINGS DISEASE CONTROL SELECTIVE BREEDING APPLE PRODUCTION THERE MORE THAN KNOWN CULTIVARS APPLES RESULTING RANGE DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS DIFFERENT CULTIVARS BRED VARIOUS TASTES USES INCLUDING COOKING FRESH EATING CIDER PRODUCTION DOMESTIC APPLES GENERALLY PROPAGATED GRAFTING ALTHOUGH WILD APPLES GROW READILY FROM SEED TREES PRONE NUMBER FUNGAL BACTERIAL PEST PROBLEMS WHICH CONTROLLED NUMBER ORGANIC NON-ORGANIC MEANS LEAST MILLION TONNES APPLES WERE GROWN WORLDWIDE WITH VALUE ABOUT BILLION CHINA PRODUCED ABOUT THIS TOTAL UNITED STATES SECOND-LEADING PRODUCER WITH MORE THAN WORLD PRODUCTION IRAN THIRD FOLLOWED TURKEY RUSSIA ITALY INDIA APPLES OFTEN EATEN ALSO FOUND MANY FOODS ESPECIALLY DESSERTS DRINKS MANY BENEFICIAL HEALTH EFFECTS HAVE BEEN FOUND FROM EATING APPLES HOWEVER SEEDS SLIGHTLY POISONOUS FORMS ALLERGIES SEEN VARIOUS PROTEINS FOUND FRUIT CONTENTS HIDE BOTANICAL INFORMATION WILD ANCESTORS GENOME HISTORY CULTURAL ASPECTS GERMANIC PAGANISM GREEK MYTHOLOGY FORBIDDEN FRUIT GARDEN EDEN APPLE CULTIVARS APPLE PRODUCTION APPLE BREEDING APPLE ROOTSTOCKS POLLINATION MATURATION HARVEST STORAGE PESTS DISEASES COMMERCE HUMAN CONSUMPTION APPLE ALLERGY NUTRITION REFERENCES FURTHER READING EXTERNAL LINKS BOTANICAL INFORMATION BLOSSOMS FRUITS LEAVES APPLE TREE MALUS DOMESTICA APPLE FORMS TREE THAT SMALL DECIDUOUS REACHING METRES TALL WITH BROAD OFTEN DENSELY TWIGGY CROWN LEAVES ALTERNATELY ARRANGED SIMPLE OVALS LONG CENTIMETRES BROAD CENTIMETRES PETIOLE WITH ACUTE SERRATED MARGIN SLIGHTLY DOWNY UNDERSIDE BLOSSOMS PRODUCED SPRING SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH BUDDING LEAVES FLOWERS WHITE WITH PINK TINGE THAT GRADUALLY FADES FIVE PETALED CENTIMETRES DIAMETER FRUIT MATURES AUTUMN TYPICALLY CENTIMETRES DIAMETER CENTER FRUIT CONTAINS FIVE CARPELS ARRANGED FIVE-POINT STAR EACH CARPEL CONTAINING THREE SEEDS CALLED PIPS WILD ANCESTORS MAIN ARTICLE MALUS SIEVERSII WILD ANCESTORS MALUS DOMESTICA MALUS SIEVERSII FOUND GROWING WILD MOUNTAINS CENTRAL ASIA SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN XINJIANG CHINA POSSIBLY ALSO MALUS SYLVESTRIS GENOME ITALIAN-LED CONSORTIUM ANNOUNCED THEY DECODED COMPLETE GENOME APPLE COLLABORATION WITH HORTICULTURAL GENOMICISTS WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY USING GOLDEN DELICIOUS VARIETY ABOUT GENES HIGHEST NUMBER PLANT GENOME STUDIED DATE MORE GENES THAN HUMAN GENOME ABOUT THIS UNDERSTANDING APPLE GENOME WILL HELP SCIENTISTS IDENTIFYING GENES GENE VARIANTS THAT CONTRIBUTE DISEASE DROUGHT RESISTANCE OTHER DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS UNDERSTANDING GENES BEHIND THESE CHARACTERISTICS WILL ALLOW SCIENTISTS PERFORM MORE KNOWLEDGEABLE SELECTIVE BREEDING DECODING GENOME ALSO PROVIDED PROOF THAT MALUS SIEVERSII WILD ANCESTOR DOMESTIC APPLE—AN ISSUE THAT BEEN LONG-DEBATED SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY HISTORY WILD MALUS SIEVERSII APPLE KAZAKHSTAN CENTER DIVERSITY GENUS MALUS EASTERN TURKEY APPLE TREE PERHAPS EARLIEST TREE CULTIVATED FRUITS HAVE BEEN IMPROVED THROUGH SELECTION OVER THOUSANDS YEARS ALEXANDER GREAT CREDITED WITH FINDING DWARFED APPLES KAZAKHSTAN ASIA THOSE BROUGHT BACK MACEDONIA MIGHT HAVE BEEN PROGENITORS DWARFING ROOT STOCKS WINTER APPLES PICKED LATE AUTUMN STORED JUST ABOVE FREEZING HAVE BEEN IMPORTANT FOOD ASIA EUROPE MILLENNIA WELL ARGENTINA UNITED STATES SINCE ARRIVAL EUROPEANS APPLES WERE BROUGHT NORTH AMERICA WITH COLONISTS CENTURY FIRST APPLE ORCHARD NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT SAID NEAR BOSTON CENTURY IRRIGATION PROJECTS WASHINGTON STATE BEGAN ALLOWED DEVELOPMENT MULTIBILLION DOLLAR FRUIT INDUSTRY WHICH APPLE LEADING SPECIES UNTIL CENTURY FARMERS STORED APPLES FROSTPROOF CELLARS DURING WINTER THEIR SALE IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION FRESH APPLES TRAIN ROAD REPLACED NECESSITY STORAGE CENTURY LONG-TERM STORAGE AGAIN CAME INTO POPULARITY CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE FACILITIES WERE USED KEEP APPLES FRESH YEAR-ROUND CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE FACILITIES HIGH HUMIDITY OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS MAINTAIN FRUIT FRESHNESS CULTURAL ASPECTS MAIN ARTICLE APPLE SYMBOLISM BRITA IDUNA CARL LARSSON GERMANIC PAGANISM NORSE MYTHOLOGY GODDESS IđUNN PORTRAYED PROSE EDDA WRITTEN CENTURY SNORRI STURLUSON PROVIDING APPLES GODS THAT GIVE THEM ETERNAL YOUTHFULNESS ENGLISH SCHOLAR ELLIS DAVIDSON LINKS APPLES RELIGIOUS PRACTICES GERMANIC PAGANISM FROM WHICH NORSE PAGANISM DEVELOPED POINTS THAT BUCKETS APPLES WERE FOUND OSEBERG SHIP BURIAL SITE NORWAY THAT FRUIT NUTS IđUNN HAVING BEEN DESCRIBED BEING TRANSFORMED INTO SKáLDSKAPARMáL HAVE BEEN FOUND EARLY GRAVES GERMANIC PEOPLES ENGLAND ELSEWHERE CONTINENT EUROPE WHICH HAVE SYMBOLIC MEANING THAT NUTS STILL RECOGNIZED SYMBOL FERTILITY SOUTHWEST ENGLAND DAVIDSON NOTES CONNECTION BETWEEN APPLES VANIR TRIBE GODS ASSOCIATED WITH FERTILITY NORSE MYTHOLOGY CITING INSTANCE ELEVEN GOLDEN APPLES BEING GIVEN BEAUTIFUL GERđR SKíRNIR ACTING MESSENGER MAJOR VANIR FREYR STANZAS SKíRNISMáL DAVIDSON ALSO NOTES FURTHER CONNECTION BETWEEN FERTILITY APPLES NORSE MYTHOLOGY CHAPTER VöLSUNGA SAGA WHEN MAJOR GODDESS FRIGG SENDS KING RERIR APPLE AFTER PRAYS ODIN CHILD FRIGG'S MESSENGER GUISE CROW DROPS APPLE SITS ATOP MOUND RERIR'S WIFE'S CONSUMPTION APPLE RESULTS SIX-YEAR PREGNANCY CAESAREAN SECTION BIRTH THEIR SON—THE HERO VöLSUNG FURTHER DAVIDSON POINTS STRANGE PHRASE APPLES USED CENTURY POEM SKALD THORBIORN BRúNARSON STATES THIS IMPLY THAT APPLE THOUGHT SKALD FOOD DEAD FURTHER DAVIDSON NOTES THAT POTENTIALLY GERMANIC GODDESS NEHALENNIA SOMETIMES DEPICTED WITH APPLES THAT PARALLELS EXIST EARLY IRISH STORIES DAVIDSON ASSERTS THAT WHILE CULTIVATION APPLE NORTHERN EUROPE EXTENDS BACK LEAST TIME ROMAN EMPIRE CAME EUROPE FROM NEAR EAST NATIVE VARIETIES APPLE TREES GROWING NORTHERN EUROPE SMALL BITTER DAVIDSON CONCLUDES THAT FIGURE IđUNN MUST HAVE REFLECTION SYMBOL THAT GUARDIAN GODDESS LIFE-GIVING FRUIT OTHER WORLD GREEK MYTHOLOGY HERACLES WITH APPLE HESPERIDES APPLES APPEAR MANY RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS OFTEN MYSTICAL FORBIDDEN FRUIT PROBLEMS IDENTIFYING APPLES RELIGION MYTHOLOGY FOLKTALES THAT WORD APPLE USED GENERIC TERM FOREIGN FRUIT OTHER THAN BERRIES INCLUDING NUTS LATE CENTURY INSTANCE GREEK MYTHOLOGY GREEK HERO HERACLES PART TWELVE LABOURS REQUIRED TRAVEL GARDEN HESPERIDES PICK GOLDEN APPLES TREE LIFE GROWING CENTER GREEK GODDESS DISCORD ERIS BECAME DISGRUNTLED AFTER EXCLUDED FROM WEDDING PELEUS THETIS RETALIATION TOSSED GOLDEN APPLE INSCRIBED KALLISTE SOMETIMES TRANSLITERATED KALLISTI 'FOR MOST BEAUTIFUL ONE' INTO WEDDING PARTY THREE GODDESSES CLAIMED APPLE HERA ATHENA APHRODITE PARIS TROY APPOINTED SELECT RECIPIENT AFTER BEING BRIBED BOTH HERA ATHENA APHRODITE TEMPTED WITH MOST BEAUTIFUL WOMAN WORLD HELEN SPARTA AWARDED APPLE APHRODITE THUS INDIRECTLY CAUSING TROJAN APPLE THUS CONSIDERED ANCIENT GREECE SACRED APHRODITE THROW APPLE SOMEONE SYMBOLICALLY DECLARE ONE'S LOVE SIMILARLY CATCH SYMBOLICALLY SHOW ONE'S ACCEPTANCE THAT LOVE EPIGRAM CLAIMING AUTHORSHIP PLATO STATES THROW APPLE WILLING LOVE TAKE SHARE YOUR GIRLHOOD WITH YOUR THOUGHTS WHAT PRAY THEY EVEN THEN TAKE CONSIDER SHORT-LIVED BEAUTY —PLATO EPIGRAM ATALANTA ALSO GREEK MYTHOLOGY RACED SUITORS ATTEMPT AVOID MARRIAGE OUTRAN HIPPOMENES MELANION NAME POSSIBLY DERIVED FROM MELON GREEK WORD BOTH APPLE FRUIT GENERAL DEFEATED CUNNING SPEED HIPPOMENES KNEW THAT COULD FAIR RACE USED THREE GOLDEN APPLES GIFTS APHRODITE GODDESS LOVE DISTRACT ATALANTA TOOK THREE APPLES SPEED HIPPOMENES FINALLY SUCCESSFUL WINNING RACE ATALANTA'S HAND FORBIDDEN FRUIT GARDEN EDEN ADAM SHOWCASING APPLE SYMBOL ALBRECHT DüRER THOUGH FORBIDDEN FRUIT BOOK GENESIS IDENTIFIED POPULAR CHRISTIAN TRADITION HELD THAT APPLE THAT COAXED ADAM SHARE WITH THIS HAVE BEEN RESULT RENAISSANCE PAINTERS ADDING ELEMENTS GREEK MYTHOLOGY INTO BIBLICAL SCENES ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS ALSO BASED GREEK MYTHOLOGY OCCASIONALLY REPLACE APPLE WITH POMEGRANATE THIS CASE UNNAMED FRUIT EDEN BECAME APPLE UNDER INFLUENCE STORY GOLDEN APPLES GARDEN HESPERIDES RESULT STORY ADAM APPLE BECAME SYMBOL KNOWLEDGE IMMORTALITY TEMPTATION FALL INTO ITSELF LATIN WORDS APPLE EVIL SIMILAR APPLE EVIL MISFORTUNE THIS ALSO HAVE INFLUENCED APPLE BECOMING INTERPRETED BIBLICAL FORBIDDEN FRUIT LARYNX HUMAN THROAT BEEN CALLED ADAM'S APPLE BECAUSE NOTION THAT CAUSED FORBIDDEN FRUIT STICKING THROAT ADAM APPLE SYMBOL SEXUAL SEDUCTION BEEN USED IMPLY SEXUALITY BETWEEN POSSIBLY IRONIC VEIN APPLE CULTIVARS GREEN APPLES INDIA MAIN ARTICLE LIST APPLE CULTIVARS THERE MORE THAN KNOWN CULTIVARS APPLES CULTIVARS VARY THEIR YIELD ULTIMATE SIZE TREE EVEN WHEN GROWN SAME ROOTSTOCK DIFFERENT CULTIVARS AVAILABLE TEMPERATE SUBTROPICAL CLIMATES LARGE COLLECTION OVER APPLE CULTIVARS HOUSED NATIONAL FRUIT COLLECTION ENGLAND MOST THESE CULTIVARS BRED EATING FRESH DESSERT APPLES THOUGH SOME CULTIVATED SPECIFICALLY COOKING COOKING APPLES PRODUCING CIDER CIDER APPLES TYPICALLY TART ASTRINGENT FRESH THEY GIVE BEVERAGE RICH FLAVOUR THAT DESSERT APPLES CANNOT COMMERCIALLY POPULAR APPLE CULTIVARS SOFT CRISP OTHER DESIRED QUALITIES MODERN COMMERCIAL APPLE BREEDING COLOURFUL SKIN ABSENCE RUSSETING EASE SHIPPING LENGTHY STORAGE ABILITY HIGH YIELDS DISEASE RESISTANCE TYPICAL 'RED DELICIOUS' APPLE SHAPE POPULAR FLAVOUR MODERN APPLES GENERALLY SWEETER THAN OLDER CULTIVARS POPULAR TASTES APPLES HAVE VARIED OVER TIME MOST NORTH AMERICANS EUROPEANS FAVOUR SWEET SUBACID APPLES TART APPLES HAVE STRONG MINORITY FOLLOWING EXTREMELY SWEET APPLES WITH BARELY ACID FLAVOUR POPULAR ASIA ESPECIALLY INDIA CULTIVARS OFTEN ODDLY SHAPED RUSSETED HAVE VARIETY TEXTURES COLOURS SOME FIND THEM HAVE BETTER FLAVOUR THAN MODERN CULTIVARS HAVE OTHER PROBLEMS WHICH MAKE THEM COMMERCIALLY UNVIABLE SUCH YIELD DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY POOR TOLERANCE STORAGE TRANSPORT CULTIVARS STILL PRODUCED LARGE SCALE MANY HAVE BEEN KEPT ALIVE HOME GARDENERS FARMERS THAT SELL DIRECTLY LOCAL MARKETS MANY UNUSUAL LOCALLY IMPORTANT CULTIVARS WITH THEIR UNIQUE TASTE APPEARANCE EXIST APPLE CONSERVATION CAMPAIGNS HAVE SPRUNG AROUND WORLD PRESERVE SUCH LOCAL CULTIVARS FROM EXTINCTION UNITED KINGDOM CULTIVARS SUCH 'COX'S ORANGE PIPPIN' 'EGREMONT RUSSET' STILL COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT EVEN THOUGH MODERN STANDARDS THEY YIELDING DISEASE PRONE APPLE PRODUCTION APPLE BREEDING ALSO FRUIT TREE PROPAGATION APPLE WILD APPLES GROW QUITE READILY FROM SEEDS HOWEVER LIKE MOST PERENNIAL FRUITS APPLES ORDINARILY PROPAGATED ASEXUALLY GRAFTING THIS BECAUSE SEEDLING APPLES EXAMPLE EXTREME HETEROZYGOTES THAT RATHER THAN INHERITING FROM THEIR PARENTS CREATE APPLE WITH THOSE CHARACTERISTICS THEY INSTEAD DIFFERENT FROM THEIR PARENTS SOMETIMES RADICALLY TRIPLOIDS HAVE ADDITIONAL REPRODUCTIVE BARRIER THAT SETS CHROMOSOMES CANNOT DIVIDED EVENLY DURING MEIOSIS YIELDING UNEQUAL SEGREGATION CHROMOSOMES ANEUPLOIDS EVEN VERY UNUSUAL CASE WHEN TRIPLOID PLANT PRODUCE SEED APPLES EXAMPLE HAPPENS INFREQUENTLY SEEDLINGS RARELY SURVIVE MOST APPLE CULTIVARS ORIGINATE SEEDLINGS WHICH EITHER ARISE CHANCE BRED DELIBERATELY CROSSING CULTIVARS WITH PROMISING CHARACTERISTICS WORDS 'SEEDLING' 'PIPPIN' 'KERNEL' NAME APPLE CULTIVAR SUGGEST THAT ORIGINATED SEEDLING APPLES ALSO FORM SPORTS MUTATIONS SINGLE BRANCH SOME SPORTS TURN IMPROVED STRAINS PARENT CULTIVAR SOME DIFFER SUFFICIENTLY FROM PARENT TREE CONSIDERED CULTIVARS EXCELSIOR EXPERIMENT STATION UNIVERSITY MINNESOTA SINCE INTRODUCED STEADY PROGRESSION IMPORTANT HARDY APPLES THAT WIDELY GROWN BOTH COMMERCIALLY BACKYARD ORCHARDISTS THROUGHOUT MINNESOTA WISCONSIN MOST IMPORTANT INTRODUCTIONS HAVE INCLUDED 'HARALSON' WHICH MOST WIDELY CULTIVATED APPLE MINNESOTA 'WEALTHY' 'HONEYGOLD' 'HONEYCRISP' APPLES HAVE BEEN ACCLIMATIZED ECUADOR VERY HIGH ALTITUDES WHERE THEY PROVIDE CROPS TWICE YEAR BECAUSE CONSTANT TEMPERATE CONDITIONS YEAR-ROUND APPLE ROOTSTOCKS ALSO MALLING SERIES ROOTSTOCKS USED CONTROL TREE SIZE HAVE BEEN USED APPLE CULTIVATION OVER YEARS DWARFING ROOTSTOCKS WERE PROBABLY DISCOVERED CHANCE ASIA ALEXANDER GREAT SENT SAMPLES DWARF APPLE TREES BACK TEACHER ARISTOTLE GREECE THEY WERE MAINTAINED LYCEUM CENTER LEARNING GREECE MOST MODERN APPLE ROOTSTOCKS WERE BRED CENTURY MUCH RESEARCH INTO EXISTING ROOTSTOCKS BEGUN EAST MALLING RESEARCH STATION KENT ENGLAND FOLLOWING THAT RESEARCH MALLING WORKED WITH JOHN INNES INSTITUTE LONG ASHTON PRODUCE SERIES DIFFERENT ROOTSTOCKS WITH DISEASE RESISTANCE RANGE DIFFERENT SIZES WHICH HAVE BEEN USED OVER WORLD POLLINATION ALSO FRUIT TREE POLLINATION APPLE BLOSSOM FROM AYRSHIRE VARIETY ORCHARD MASON APPLE BLOOM BRITISH COLUMBIA CANADA APPLES SELF-INCOMPATIBLE THEY MUST CROSS-POLLINATE DEVELOP FRUIT DURING FLOWERING EACH SEASON APPLE GROWERS USUALLY PROVIDE POLLINATORS CARRY POLLEN HONEY BEES MOST COMMONLY USED ORCHARD MASON BEES ALSO USED SUPPLEMENTAL POLLINATORS COMMERCIAL ORCHARDS BUMBLEBEE QUEENS SOMETIMES PRESENT ORCHARDS USUALLY ENOUGH QUANTITY SIGNIFICANT POLLINATORS THERE FOUR SEVEN POLLINATION GROUPS APPLES DEPENDING CLIMATE GROUP EARLY FLOWERING ENGLAND GRAVENSTEIN ASTRACHAN GROUP IDARED MCINTOSH GROUP MID-SEASON FLOWERING GRANNY SMITH COX'S ORANGE PIPPIN GROUP LATE SEASON FLOWERING GOLDEN DELICIOUS CALVILLE BLANC D'HIVER GROUP LATE FLOWERING BRAEBURN REINETTE D'ORLéANS GROUP SUNTAN GROUP COURT-PENDU GRIS ALSO CALLED COURT-PENDU PLAT CULTIVAR POLLINATED COMPATIBLE CULTIVAR FROM SAME GROUP CLOSE WITH WITH WITH VARIETIES SOMETIMES CLASSED PEAK BLOOM AVERAGE BLOSSOM PERIOD WITH POLLINIZERS SELECTED FROM VARIETIES WITHIN OVERLAP PERIOD MATURATION HARVEST ALSO FRUIT PICKING FRUIT TREE PRUNING CULTIVARS VARY THEIR YIELD ULTIMATE SIZE TREE EVEN WHEN GROWN SAME ROOTSTOCK SOME CULTIVARS LEFT UNPRUNED WILL GROW VERY LARGE WHICH ALLOWS THEM BEAR MUCH MORE FRUIT MAKES HARVESTING VERY DIFFICULT MATURE TREES TYPICALLY BEAR KILOGRAMS APPLES EACH YEAR THOUGH PRODUCTIVITY CLOSE ZERO POOR YEARS APPLES HARVESTED USING THREE-POINT LADDERS THAT DESIGNED AMONGST BRANCHES DWARF TREES WILL BEAR ABOUT KILOGRAMS FRUIT YEAR STORAGE COMMERCIALLY APPLES STORED SOME MONTHS CONTROLLED-ATMOSPHERE CHAMBERS DELAY ETHYLENE-INDUCED ONSET RIPENING APPLES COMMONLY STORED CHAMBERS WITH HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS CARBON DIOXIDE HIGH FILTRATION THIS PREVENTS ETHYLENE CONCENTRATIONS FROM RISING HIGHER AMOUNTS PREVENTING RIPENING FROM MOVING QUICKLY RIPENING CONTINUES WHEN FRUIT REMOVED HOME STORAGE MOST VARIETIES APPLE HELD APPROXIMATELY WEEKS WHEN KEPT COOLEST PART REFRIGERATOR BELOW SOME TYPES INCLUDING GRANNY SMITH FUJI STORED YEAR WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT DEGRADATION PESTS DISEASES LEAVES WITH SIGNIFICANT INSECT DAMAGE MAIN ARTICLE LIST APPLE DISEASES ALSO LIST LEPIDOPTERA THAT FEED APPLE TREES TREES SUSCEPTIBLE NUMBER FUNGAL BACTERIAL DISEASES INSECT PESTS MANY COMMERCIAL ORCHARDS PURSUE AGGRESSIVE PROGRAM CHEMICAL SPRAYS MAINTAIN HIGH FRUIT QUALITY TREE HEALTH HIGH YIELDS TREND ORCHARD MANAGEMENT ORGANIC METHODS THESE LESS AGGRESSIVE DIRECT METHODS CONVENTIONAL FARMING INSTEAD SPRAYING POTENT CHEMICALS OFTEN SHOWN POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS MALEFICENT TREE LONG ORGANIC METHODS INCLUDE ENCOURAGING DISCOURAGING CERTAIN CYCLES PESTS CONTROL SPECIFIC PEST ORGANIC GROWERS MIGHT ENCOURAGE PROSPERITY NATURAL PREDATOR INSTEAD OUTRIGHT KILLING WITH NATURAL BIOCHEMISTRY AROUND TREE ORGANIC APPLES GENERALLY HAVE SAME GREATER TASTE THAN CONVENTIONALLY GROWN APPLES WITH REDUCED COSMETIC APPEARANCES WIDE RANGE PESTS DISEASES AFFECT PLANT THREE MORE COMMON DISEASES PESTS MILDEW APHIDS APPLE SCAB MILDEW WHICH CHARACTERIZED LIGHT GREY POWDERY PATCHES APPEARING LEAVES SHOOTS FLOWERS NORMALLY SPRING FLOWERS WILL TURN CREAMY YELLOW COLOUR WILL DEVELOP CORRECTLY THIS TREATED MANNER DISSIMILAR FROM TREATING BOTRYTIS ELIMINATING CONDITIONS WHICH CAUSED DISEASE FIRST PLACE BURNING INFECTED PLANTS AMONG RECOMMENDED ACTIONS TAKE APHIDS THERE FIVE SPECIES APHIDS COMMONLY FOUND APPLES APPLE GRAIN APHID ROSY APPLE APHID APPLE APHID SPIREA APHID WOOLLY APPLE APHID APHID SPECIES IDENTIFIED THEIR COLOUR TIME YEAR WHEN THEY PRESENT DIFFERENCES CORNICLES WHICH SMALL PAIRED PROJECTIONS FROM REAR APHIDS APHIDS FEED FOLIAGE USING NEEDLE-LIKE MOUTH PARTS SUCK PLANT JUICES WHEN PRESENT HIGH NUMBERS CERTAIN SPECIES REDUCE TREE GROWTH VIGOR APPLE SCAB APPLE SCAB CAUSES LEAVES DEVELOP OLIVE-BROWN SPOTS WITH VELVETY TEXTURE THAT LATER TURN BROWN BECOME CORK-LIKE TEXTURE DISEASE ALSO AFFECTS FRUIT WHICH ALSO DEVELOPS SIMILAR BROWN SPOTS WITH VELVETY CORK-LIKE TEXTURES APPLE SCAB SPREAD THROUGH FUNGUS GROWING APPLE LEAVES GROUND SPREADS DURING WARM SPRING WEATHER INFECT YEAR'S GROWTH AMONG MOST SERIOUS DISEASE PROBLEMS FIREBLIGHT BACTERIAL DISEASE GYMNOSPORANGIUM RUST BLACK SPOT FUNGAL DISEASES CODLING MOTHS APPLE MAGGOTS OTHER PESTS WHICH AFFECT APPLE TREES YOUNG APPLE TREES ALSO PRONE MAMMAL PESTS LIKE MICE DEER WHICH FEED SOFT BARK TREES ESPECIALLY WINTER COMMERCE APPLE OUTPUT LEAST MILLION TONNES APPLES WERE GROWN WORLDWIDE WITH VALUE ABOUT BILLION ABOUT TWO-FIFTHS THIS TOTAL PRODUCED CHINA MORE THAN WORLD PRODUCTION OCCURS UNITED STATES UNITED STATES MORE THAN APPLES SOLD COMMERCIALLY GROWN WASHINGTON STATE IMPORTED APPLES FROM ZEALAND OTHER MORE TEMPERATE AREAS COMPETING WITH PRODUCTION INCREASING EACH YEAR MOST AUSTRALIA'S APPLE PRODUCTION DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION IMPORTS FROM ZEALAND HAVE BEEN DISALLOWED UNDER QUARANTINE REGULATIONS FIREBLIGHT SINCE LARGEST EXPORTERS APPLES WERE CHINA CHILE ITALY FRANCE WHILE BIGGEST IMPORTERS SAME YEAR WERE RUSSIA GERMANY NETHERLANDS APPLE PRODUCERS JUNE COUNTRY PRODUCTION TONNES FOOTNOTE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA UNITED STATES IRAN TURKEY RUSSIA ITALY INDIA FRANCE CHILE ARGENTINA WORLD SYMBOL OFFICIAL FIGURE ESTIMATE AGGREGATE INCLUDE OFFICIAL SEMI-OFFICIAL ESTIMATES SOURCE HUMAN CONSUMPTION DIFFERENT KINDS APPLE CULTIVARS SUPERMARKET ALSO COOKING APPLE CIDER APPLE APPLES OFTEN EATEN EXCEPT SEEDS WHICH SLIGHTLY POISONOUS BELOW WHOLE FRUIT INCLUDING SKIN SUITABLE HUMAN CONSUMPTION VARIETIES BRED THIS PURPOSE TERMED DESSERT TABLE APPLES APPLES CANNED JUICED THEY MILLED PRODUCE APPLE CIDER NON-ALCOHOLIC SWEET CIDER FILTERED APPLE JUICE JUICE FERMENTED MAKE CIDER ALCOHOLIC HARD CIDER CIDERKIN VINEGAR THROUGH DISTILLATION VARIOUS ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES PRODUCED SUCH APPLEJACK CALVADOS APFELWEIN PECTIN APPLE SEED ALSO PRODUCED APPLES IMPORTANT INGREDIENT MANY DESSERTS SUCH APPLE APPLE CRUMBLE APPLE CRISP APPLE CAKE THEY OFTEN EATEN BAKED STEWED THEY ALSO DRIED EATEN RECONSTITUTED SOAKED WATER ALCOHOL SOME OTHER LIQUID LATER PURéED APPLES GENERALLY KNOWN APPLE SAUCE APPLES ALSO MADE INTO APPLE BUTTER APPLE JELLY THEY ALSO USED COOKED MEAT DISHES TOFFEE APPLE TRADITIONAL CONFECTION MADE COATING APPLE TOFFEE ALLOWING COOL SIMILAR TREATS CANDY APPLES COATED HARD SHELL CRYSTALLISED SUGAR SYRUP CARAMEL APPLES COATED WITH COOLED CARAMEL APPLES EATEN WITH HONEY JEWISH YEAR ROSH HASHANAH SYMBOLIZE SWEET YEAR FARMS WITH APPLE ORCHARDS OPEN THEM PUBLIC CONSUMERS THEMSELVES PICK APPLES THEY WILL SLICED APPLES TURN BROWN WITH EXPOSURE CONVERSION NATURAL PHENOLIC SUBSTANCES INTO MELANIN UPON EXPOSURE OXYGEN DIFFERENT CULTIVARS VARY THEIR PROPENSITY BROWN AFTER SLICING SLICED FRUIT TREATED WITH ACIDULATED WATER PREVENT THIS EFFECT ORGANIC APPLES COMMONLY PRODUCED UNITED STATES ORGANIC PRODUCTION DIFFICULT EUROPE THOUGH ORCHARDS HAVE DONE WITH COMMERCIAL SUCCESS USING DISEASE-RESISTANT CULTIVARS VERY BEST CULTURAL CONTROLS LATEST TOOL ORGANIC REPERTOIRE SPRAY LIGHT COATING KAOLIN CLAY WHICH FORMS PHYSICAL BARRIER SOME PESTS ALSO HELPS PREVENT APPLE SCALD APPLE ALLERGY FORM APPLE ALLERGY OFTEN FOUND NORTHERN EUROPE CALLED BIRCH-APPLE SYNDROME FOUND PEOPLE ALSO ALLERGIC BIRCH POLLEN ALLERGY CAUSED PROTEIN APPLES THAT SIMILAR BIRCH POLLEN PEOPLE AFFECTED THIS PROTEIN ALSO BECOME ALLERGIC OTHER FRUITS NUTS VEGETABLES REACTIONS WHICH CALLED ORAL ALLERGY SYNDROME GENERALLY INVOLVE ITCHING INFLAMMATION MOUTH THROAT RARE CASES ALSO INCLUDE LIFE-THREATENING ANAPHYLAXIS THIS REACTION ONLY OCCURS WHEN FRUIT CONSUMED—THE ALLERGEN NEUTRALIZED COOKING PROCESS VARIETY APPLE MATURITY STORAGE CONDITIONS CHANGE AMOUNT ALLERGEN PRESENT INDIVIDUAL FRUITS LONG STORAGE TIMES INCREASE AMOUNT PROTEINS THAT CAUSE BIRCH-APPLE SYNDROME OTHER AREAS SUCH MEDITERRANEAN PEOPLE HAVE ADVERSE REACTIONS APPLES BECAUSE THEIR SIMILARITY PEACHES INCLUDING CLOSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ALLERGENS FRUITS THIS FORM APPLE ALLERGY ALSO INCLUDES OFTEN MORE SEVERE SYMPTOMS SUCH VOMITING ABDOMINAL PAIN URTICARIA LIFE-THREATENING INDIVIDUALS WITH THIS FORM ALLERGY ALSO DEVELOP REACTIONS OTHER FRUITS NUTS COOKING DOES BREAK DOWN PROTEIN CAUSING THIS PARTICULAR REACTION AFFECTED INDIVIDUALS CANNOT EITHER COOKED APPLES FRESHLY HARVESTED OVER-RIPE FRUITS TEND HAVE HIGHEST LEVELS PROTEIN THAT CAUSES THIS REACTION BREEDING EFFORTS HAVE PRODUCE HYPOALLERGENIC FRUIT EITHER TYPES APPLE ALLERGY NUTRITION APPLES WITH SKIN EDIBLE PARTS NUTRITIONAL VALUE ENERGY KCAL CARBOHYDRATES SUGARS DIETARY FIBER PROTEIN WATER VITAMIN EQUIV THIAMINE RIBOFLAVIN NIACIN PANTOTHENIC ACID VITAMIN FOLATE VITAMIN CALCIUM IRON MAGNESIUM PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM ZINC PERCENTAGES RELATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS ADULTS SOURCE USDA NUTRIENT DATABASE HEALTH BENEFITS APPLE CONSUMPTION PROVERB APPLE KEEPS DOCTOR AWAY ADDRESSING HEALTH EFFECTS FRUIT DATES FROM CENTURY WALES RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT APPLES REDUCE RISK COLON CANCER PROSTATE CANCER LUNG CANCER COMPARED MANY OTHER FRUITS VEGETABLES APPLES CONTAIN RELATIVELY AMOUNTS VITAMIN RICH SOURCE OTHER ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS FIBER CONTENT WHILE LESS THAN MOST OTHER FRUITS HELPS REGULATE BOWEL MOVEMENTS THUS REDUCE RISK COLON CANCER THEY ALSO HELP WITH HEART DISEASE WEIGHT LOSS CONTROLLING CHOLESTEROL FIBER CONTAINED APPLES REDUCES CHOLESTEROL PREVENTING REABSORPTION LIKE MOST FRUITS VEGETABLES THEY BULKY THEIR CALORIC CONTENT HOWEVER APPLE SEEDS MILDLY POISONOUS CONTAINING SMALL AMOUNT AMYGDALIN CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDE USUALLY ENOUGH DANGEROUS HUMANS DETER BIRDS THERE EVIDENCE FROM LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS THAT APPLES POSSESS PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS WHICH CANCER-PROTECTIVE DEMONSTRATE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY PREDOMINANT PHENOLIC PHYTOCHEMICALS APPLES QUERCETIN EPICATECHIN PROCYANIDIN APPLE JUICE CONCENTRATE BEEN FOUND INCREASE PRODUCTION NEUROTRANSMITTER ACETYLCHOLINE MICE PROVIDING POTENTIAL MECHANISM PREVENTION DECLINE COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE THAT ACCOMPANIES DIETARY GENETIC DEFICIENCIES AGING OTHER STUDIES HAVE SHOWN ALLEVIATION OXIDATIVE DAMAGE COGNITIVE DECLINE MICE AFTER ADMINISTRATION APPLE JUICE RESEARCHERS CHINESE UNIVERSITY HONG KONG DISCOVERED THAT FRUIT FLIES WERE APPLE EXTRACT LIVED LONGER THAN OTHER FLIES WERE NORMAL DIET REFERENCES POTTER ERIKSSON EVANS SMEDMARK MORGAN KERR ROBERTSON ARSENAULT DICKINSON CAMPBELL PHYLOGENY CLASSIFICATION ROSACEAE PLANT SYSTEMATICS EVOLUTION ORIGIN HISTORY CULTIVATION UNIVERSITY GEORGIA ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL JANUARY RETRIEVED JANUARY LAURI PIERRE-éRIC KAREN MAGUYLO CATHERINE TROTTIER ARCHITECTURE SIZE RELATIONS ESSAY APPLE MALUS DOMESTICA ROSACEAE TREE AMERICAN JOURNAL BOTANY BOTANICAL SOCIETY AMERICA COART GLABEKE LOOSE LARSEN ROLDáN-RUIZ CHLOROPLAST DIVERSITY GENUS MALUS INSIGHTS INTO RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EUROPEAN WILD APPLE MALUS SYLVESTRIS MILL DOMESTICATED APPLE MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH ECOL APPLE RIVALS CONTRIBUTE APPLE GENOME SEQUENCING GENOME DOMESTICATED APPLE MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH ITALIAN-LED INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH CONSORTIUM DECODES APPLE GENOME ALPHAGALLILEO AUGUST RETRIEVED OCTOBER SCIENCE BEHIND HUMAN GENOME PROJECT HUMAN GENOME PROJECT INFORMATION DEPARTMENT ENERGY MARCH RETRIEVED OCTOBER CLARK BRIAN APPLE RIVALS CONTRIBUTE APPLE GENOME SEQUENCING AUGUST WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY RETRIEVED OCTOBER APPLE KEEPS DOCTOR AWAY VEGPARADISE RETRIEVED JANUARY JAMES VALEN HISTORY BERGEN COUNTY JERSEY NABU PRESS ISBN BROX JANE FIVE THOUSAND DAYS LIKE THIS AMERICAN FAMILY HISTORY BEACON PRESS ISBN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE WASHINGTON APPLE COMMISSION RETRIEVED APRIL ELLIS DAVIDSON GODS MYTHS NORTHERN EUROPE PAGE ISBN ELLIS DAVIDSON GODS MYTHS NORTHERN EUROPE PAGE PENGUIN BOOKS ISBN ELLIS DAVIDSON ROLES NORTHERN GODDESS PAGE ROUTLEDGE ISBN SAUER JONATHAN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY CROP PLANTS SELECT ROSTER PRESS ISBN WASSON GORDON SOMA DIVINE MUSHROOM IMMORTALITY HARCOURT BRACE JOVANOVICH ISBN RUCK CARL BLAISE DANIEL STAPLES CLARK HEINRICH APPLES APOLLO PAGAN CHRISTIAN MYSTERIES EUCHARIST DURHAM CAROLINA ACADEMIC PRESS ISBN HEINRICH CLARK MAGIC MUSHROOMS RELIGION ALCHEMY ROCHESTER PARK STREET PRESS ISBN HERODOTUS HISTORIES EDMONDS TRANS JOHN COOPER EPIGRAMS PLATO COMPLETE WORKS JOHN COOPER INDIANAPOLIS HACKETT NOTE PRINT EDMONDS TRANS JOHN COOPER EPIGRAMS PLATO COMPLETE WORKS JOHN COOPER INDIANAPOLIS HACKETT PRINT MACRONE MICHAEL LULEVITCH BRUSH YOUR BIBLE LULEVITCH RANDOM HOUSE VALUE ISBN OCLC ELZEBROEK WIND GUIDE CULTIVATED PLANTS WALLINGFORD INTERNATIONAL ISBN APPLE MALUS DOMESTICA NATURAL ENGLAND ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL RETRIEVED JANUARY NATIONAL FRUIT COLLECTIONS BROGDALE FARM ADVISORY SERVICES TEAM RETRIEVED OCTOBER TARJAN FALL AUTUMN APPLE MUSINGS NEWS NOTES UCSC FARM GARDEN CENTER AGROECOLOGY SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL AUGUST RETRIEVED JANUARY WORLD APPLE SITUATION RETRIEVED JANUARY WEAVER JUNE JULY CROPS GARDENING APPLES ANTIQUITY HOBBY FARMS MAGAZINE BOWTIE JOHN LLOYD JOHN MITCHINSON COMPLETE FIRST SERIES FACTOIDS ENTERTAIN NCSU NCSU JULY RETRIEVED NOVEMBER FERREE DAVID CURTIS WARRINGTON APPLES BOTANY PRODUCTION USES CABI PUBLISHING ISBN OCLC POLOMSKI GREG REIGHARD APPLE CLEMSON UNIVERSITY ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL FEBRUARY RETRIEVED JANUARY APPLES ECUADOR ACTA HORT RETRIEVED JULY SANSAVINI JULY CHILLING REQUIREMENT APPLE ROLE REGULATING TIME FLOWERING SPRING COLD-WINTER CLIMATE SYMPOSIUM GROWTH REGULATORS FRUIT PRODUCTION INTERNATIONAL ACTA HORTICULTURAE ISBN CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE WASHINGTON STATE APPLE ADVERTISING COMMISSION ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL MARCH RETRIEVED JANUARY FOOD SCIENCE AUSTRALIA FACT SHEET REFRIGERATED STORAGE PERISHABLE FOODS FOOD SCIENCE AUSTRALIA FEBRUARY RETRIEVED YEPSEN ROGER APPLES YORK NORTON ISBN PITTSBURGH SECTION UNIVERSITY PITTSBURGH SCHOOL ENGINEERING SCHOOL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS PITTSBURGH SECTION INSTRUMENT SOCIETY AMERICA INSTRUMENT SOCIETY AMERICA PITTSBURGH SECTION UNIVERSITY PITTSBURGH MODELING SIMULATION PROCEEDINGS ANNUAL PITTSBURGH CONFERENCE INSTRUMENT SOCIETY AMERICA LOWTHER GRANVILLE WILLIAM WORTHINGTON ENCYCLOPEDIA PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE REFERENCE SYSTEM COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE COVERING PRACTICAL SCIENTIFIC PHASES HORTICULTURE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE FRUITS VEGETABLES ENCYCLOPEDIA HORTICULTURE CORPORATION COLI WILLIAM APPLE PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDE UNIVERSITY MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST RETRIEVED MARCH BRADLEY FERN MARSHALL ELLIS BARBARA MARTIN DEBORAH ORGANIC GARDENER'S HANDBOOK NATURAL PEST DISEASE CONTROL RODALE ISBN KRISTIN CHURCHILL CHINESE APPLE-JUICE CONCENTRATE EXPORTS UNITED STATES CONTINUE RISE GREAT AMERICAN PUBLISHING ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL OCTOBER RETRIEVED JANUARY DESMOND ANDREW WORLD APPLE MARKET HAWORTH PRESS ISBN OCLC GAVIN EVANS TUESDAY AUGUST FRUIT RANKLES ZEALAND AUSTRALIAN APPLE GROWERS RISK DISEASE JUSTIFIES BARRIERS INTERNATIONAL HERALD TRIBUNE RETRIEVED AUGUST FAOSTAT AUGUST RETRIEVED NOVEMBER APPLES WASHINGTON STATE APPLE ADVERTISING COMMISSION ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL DECEMBER RETRIEVED JANUARY BOYER APPLE PHYTOCHEMICALS THEIR HEALTH BENEFITS NUTRITION JOURNAL CORNELL UNIVERSITY ITHACA YORK DEPARTMENT FOOD SCIENCE INSTITUTE COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY PMID BROWN APPLE YORK TIMES AMES JULY CONSIDERATIONS ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE INFORMATION SERVICE RETRIEVED JANUARY GENERAL INFORMATION APPLE INFORMALL ACCESSED OCTOBER LANDAU ELIZABETH ORAL ALLERGY SYNDROME EXPLAIN MYSTERIOUS REACTIONS APRIL HEALTH ACCESSED OCTOBER DECREASED RISK COLON PROSTATE LUNG CANCER NUTRITION REDUCE CANCER RISK STANFORD CANCER CENTER RETRIEVED AUGUST WEIGHT LOSS CHOLESTEROL CONTROL APPLES KEEP YOUR FAMILY HEALTHY WASHINGTON STATE APPLE ADVERTISING COMMISSION RETRIEVED JANUARY RAJEEV SHARMA IMPROVE YOUR HEALTH WITH APPLE GUAVA MANGO DIAMOND POCKET BOOKS ISBN PREVENTION DEMENTIA CHAN GRAVES SHEA APPLE JUICE CONCENTRATE MAINTAINS ACETYLCHOLINE LEVELS FOLLOWING DIETARY COMPROMISE JOURNAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE ISSN PMID PHILLIPS JOHN PAVIN FEBRUARY PEMBROKESHIRE PROVERB NOTES QUERIES OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS RETRIEVED FEBRUARY APPLES KEEP YOUR FAMILY HEALTHY WASHINGTON STATE APPLE ADVERTISING COMMISSION RETRIEVED JANUARY JUNIPER MABBERLEY STORY APPLE TIMBER PRESS ISBN KANG EFFECTS PHENOLICS EMPIRE APPLES HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCED INHIBITION GAP-JUNCTIONAL INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION BIOFACTORS BIOF ISSN PMID MAJOR PHENOLICS APPLE THEIR CONTRIBUTION TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AGRIC FOOD CHEM ISSN PMID MAHER THERESA ANTIOXIDANTS FOUND APPLES EXTEND LIFESPAN JOURNAL AGRICULTURAL FOOD CHEMISTRY ARCHIVED FROM ORIGINAL JULY RETRIEVED MARCH THIS ARTICLE INCORPORATES TEXT FROM PUBLIC DOMAIN EDITION GROCER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA FURTHER READING BOOKS BROWNING APPLES STORY FRUIT TEMPTATION NORTH POINT PRESS ISBN MABBERLEY JUNIPER STORY APPLE TIMBER PRESS ISBN REVIEW ARTICLES POSSIBLE HEALTH BENEFITS GERHAUSER “CANCER CHEMOPREVENTIVE POTENTIAL APPLES APPLE JUICE APPLE COMPONENTS” PLANTA MEDICA HYSON COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW APPLES APPLE COMPONENTS THEIR RELATIONSHIP HUMAN HEALTH” ADVANCES NUTRITION INTERNATIONAL REVIEW JOURNAL EXTERNAL LINKS FIND MORE ABOUT APPLE WIKIPEDIA'S SISTER PROJECTS DEFINITIONS TRANSLATIONS FROM WIKTIONARY IMAGES MEDIA FROM COMMONS QUOTATIONS FROM WIKIQUOTE SOURCE TEXTS FROM WIKISOURCE TEXTBOOKS FROM WIKIBOOKS SPECIES DIRECTORIES MALUS DOMESTICA FROM WIKISPECIES WIKIBOOKS COOKBOOK RECIPE MODULE APPLE APPLES OPEN DIRECTORY PROJECT APPLE FACTS FROM UK'S INSTITUTE FOOD RESEARCH NATIONAL FRUIT COLLECTION BROGDALE FARM HOME UK'S NATIONAL FRUIT COLLECTION GRAND VALLEY STATE UNIVERSITY DIGITAL COLLECTIONS- DIARY OHIO FRUIT FARMER THEODORE PETICOLAS HIDE APPLE CULTIVARS DESSERT DUAL PURPOSE APPLES ADAMS PEARMAIN AMBROSIA ANTONOVKA ARKANSAS BLACK ASHMEAD'S KERNEL AURORA GOLDEN GALA BALDWIN DAVIS BLENHEIM ORANGE BEAUTY BATH BELLE BOSKOOP BRAEBURN BRINA CAMEO CORNISH GILLIFLOWER CORTLAND COX'S ORANGE PIPPIN CRIPPS PINK PINK LADY DISCOVERY EGREMONT RUSSET ELSTAR EMPIRE ESOPUS SPITZENBURG FUJI GALA GINGER GOLD GOLDEN ORANGE GOLDEN DELICIOUS GRANNY SMITH GRAVENSTEIN GRIMES GOLDEN HARALSON HONEYCRISP IDARED JAMES GRIEVE JAZZ JERSEY BLACK JONAGOLD JONATHAN KARMIJN SONNAVILLE KNOBBED RUSSET LIBERTY MACOUN MCINTOSH MUTSU NEWTOWN PIPPIN NICOLA PAPIROVKA PAULA PINK PEARL PINOVA RALLS GENET RAMBO DELICIOUS REDLOVE RHODE ISLAND GREENING RIBSTON PIPPIN ROME ROXBURY RUSSET RUBENS CIVNI SEKAI ICHI SPARTAN STAYMAN STURMER PIPPIN SUMMERFREE SWEETANGO TALIAFERRO TOPAZ YORK IMPERIAL ZESTAR COOKING APPLES BRAMLEY CALVILLE BLANC D'HIVER FLOWER KENT GOLDEN NOBLE NORFOLK BIFFIN NORTHERN CIDER APPLES BROWN SNOUT DABINETT FOXWHELP HARRISON CIDER APPLE KINGSTON BLACK REDSTREAK STYRE VIEW PAGE RATINGS RATE THIS PAGE WHAT'S THIS TRUSTWORTHY OBJECTIVE COMPLETE WELL-WRITTEN HIGHLY KNOWLEDGEABLE ABOUT THIS TOPIC OPTIONAL SUBMIT RATINGS CATEGORIES APPLES MALEAE SEQUENCED GENOMES CREATE ACCOUNT ARTICLE TALK READ VIEW SOURCE VIEW HISTORY MAIN PAGE CONTENTS FEATURED CONTENT CURRENT EVENTS RANDOM ARTICLE DONATE WIKIPEDIA INTERACTION HELP ABOUT WIKIPEDIA COMMUNITY PORTAL RECENT CHANGES CONTACT WIKIPEDIA TOOLBOX PRINT EXPORT LANGUAGES ARAGONéS ASTURIANU RBAYCANCA BâN-LâM-Gú BASA BANYUMASAN BOSANSKI BREZHONEG CATALŕ ESKY CYMRAEG DANSK DEUTSCH DINé BIZAAD DOLNOSERBSKI EESTI EMILIŕN RUMAGNňL ESPAńOL ESPERANTO EUSKARA FIJI HINDI FRANçAIS FURLAN GAEILGE GAELG GŕIDHLIG GALEGO HAK-Kâ-FA HORNJOSERBSCE HRVATSKI BAHASA INDONESIA INTERLINGUA INUKTITUT ISIZULU ÍSLENSKA ITALIANO BASA JAWA KAPAMPANGAN KINYARWANDA KISWAHILI KREYňL AYISYEN KURDî LADINO LATINA LATVIEšU LëTZEBUERGESCH LIETUVI LIGURE LOJBAN MAGYAR MALAGASY BAHASA MELAYU HUATL VOSA VAKAVITI NEDERLANDS NEDERSAKSISCH NORSK BOKMĺL NORSK NYNORSK OCCITAN ZBEK POLSKI PORTUGUęS QARAQALPAQSHA RIPOARISCH ROMâN RUNA SIMI GAGANA SAMOA SARDU SCOTS SHQIP SICILIANU SIMPLE ENGLISH SLOVEN SLOVENš SRPSKI SRPSKOHRVATSKI BASA SUNDA SUOMI SVENSKA TAGALOG TATARçA TSHIVENDA TüRKçE UYGHURCHE VčNETO WALON WINARAY ŽEMAIT
Thanks to James for these words.
What next?
- Another batch of random words from this seed set.
- View the list of word lists.