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PORTER PORTER WOULD TELL TIME MUCH LONGER WILL TILL CROSS THAT MASON DIXON LINE DAYLIGHT WOULD TELL THAT ENGINEER SLOW DOWN BETTER STILL JUST STOP TRAIN CAUSE WANNA LOOK AROUND PORTER PORTER WHAT TIME MUCH LONGER WILL TILL LIGHT WHEN DIXIE WILL TELL THAT ENGINEER RING BELL EVERYBODY THAT AIN'T ASLEEP STAND RIGHT YELL PORTER PORTER IT'S GETTING LIGHT OUTSIDE THIS TRAIN PUFFIN' SMOKE HAVE STRAIN EYES THAT ENGINEER WILL BLOW WHISTLE PLEASE CAUSE SMELL FROST COTTON LEAVES FEEL THAT SOUTHERN BREEZE PORTER PORTER PLEASE BAGS NEED NOBODY TELL THAT WE'RE TENNESSEE TELL THAT ENGINEER MAKE THAT LONESOME WHISTLE SCREAM WE'RE FROM HOME TAKE EASY STEAM PORTER PORTER PLEASE OPEN DOOR WHEN THEY STOP TRAIN GONNA FIRST CAUSE CAN'T WAIT MORE TELL THAT ENGINEER SAID THANKS ALOT DIDN'T MIND FARE GONNA FEET SOUTHERN SOIL BREATHE THAT SOUTHERN CLOSE MATTER COULDN'T MUCH MORE FROM HEART FOREVER TRUSTING NOTHING ELSE MATTERS NEVER OPENED MYSELF THIS LIFE OURS LIVE THESE WORDS DON'T JUST NOTHING ELSE MATTERS YEAH TRUST SEEK FIND EVERY SOMETHING OPEN MIND DIFFERENT VIEW NOTHING ELSE MATTERS NEVER CARED WHAT THEY NEVER CARED WHAT THEY KNOW KNOW CLOSE MATTER COULDN'T MUCH MORE FROM HEART MONDAY AR-RESTED TUESDAY THEY LOCKED JAIL WEDNESDAY TRIAL AT-TESTED THURSDAY THEY SAID GUILTY JUDGE'S GAVEL FELL STRIPES STRIPES AROUND SHOULDERS CHAINS CHAINS AROUND FEET STRIPES STRIPES AROUND SHOULDERS THEM CHAINS THEM CHAINS THEY'RE ABOUT DRAG DOWN MONDAY MOMMA COME TUESDAY THEY CAUGHT WITH FILE WEDNESDAY DOWN SOLITARY THURSDAY START BREAD WATER WHILE STRIPES STRIPES AROUND SHOULDERS CHAINS CHAINS AROUND FEET STRIPES STRIPES AROUND SHOULDERS THEM CHAINS THEM CHAINS THEY'RE ABOUT DRAG DOWN STRIPES STRIPES AROUND SHOULDERS CHAINS CHAINS AROUND FEET STRIPES STRIPES AROUND SHOULDERS THEM CHAINS THEM CHAINS THEY'RE ABOUT DRAG WASHABINAROS FOOD FROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA OTHER USES FOOD DISAMBIGUATION THIS ARTICLE CONTAIN EXCESSIVE AMOUNT INTRICATE DETAIL THAT ONLY INTEREST SPECIFIC AUDIENCE PLEASE RELOCATE RELEVANT INFORMATION REMOVE EXCESSIVE DETAIL THAT AGAINST WIKIPEDIA INCLUSION POLICY JUNE THIS ARTICLE MULTIPLE ISSUES PLEASE HELP IMPROVE DISCUSS THESE ISSUES TALK PAGE NEEDS ADDITIONAL CITATIONS VERIFICATION TAGGED SINCE FEBRUARY NEEDS UPDATED TAGGED SINCE FEBRUARY PAGE SEMI-PROTECTED PART SERIES MEALS FLORIS CLAESZ DYCK COMMON MEALS BREAKFAST BRUNCH LUNCH DINNER SUPPER COMPONENTS COURSES AMUSE-BOUCHE APPETIZER CHEESE COCKTAILS DESSERT DRINK ENTRéE ENTREMET FRUIT MAIN COURSE NUTS SALAD SIDE DISH RELATED CONCEPTS BANQUET BUFFET CUISINE EATING ETIQUETTE FOOD GLOBAL CUISINES OUTLINE CUISINES SNACK FOOD SUBSTANCE CONSUMED PROVIDE NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT BODY USUALLY PLANT ANIMAL ORIGIN CONTAINS ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS SUCH CARBOHYDRATES FATS PROTEINS VITAMINS MINERALS SUBSTANCE INGESTED ORGANISM ASSIMILATED ORGANISM'S CELLS EFFORT PRODUCE ENERGY MAINTAIN LIFE STIMULATE GROWTH HISTORICALLY PEOPLE SECURED FOOD THROUGH METHODS HUNTING GATHERING AGRICULTURE TODAY MOST FOOD ENERGY CONSUMED WORLD POPULATION SUPPLIED FOOD INDUSTRY WHICH OPERATED MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS THAT INTENSIVE FARMING INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE MAXIMIZE SYSTEM OUTPUT FOOD SAFETY FOOD SECURITY MONITORED AGENCIES LIKE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOOD PROTECTION WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME FOOD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL FOOD INFORMATION COUNCIL THEY ADDRESS ISSUES SUCH SUSTAINABILITY BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY CLIMATE CHANGE NUTRITIONAL ECONOMICS POPULATION GROWTH WATER SUPPLY ACCESS FOOD RIGHT FOOD HUMAN RIGHT DERIVED FROM INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ECONOMIC SOCIAL CULTURAL RIGHTS ICESCR RECOGNIZING RIGHT ADEQUATE STANDARD LIVING INCLUDING ADEQUATE FOOD WELL FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT FREE FROM HUNGER CONTENTS HIDE FOOD SOURCES PLANTS ANIMALS PRODUCTION CUISINE PREPARATION TASTE PERCEPTION PRESENTATION CONTRAST TEXTURE CONTRAST TASTE FOOD PREPARATION RESTAURANTS FOOD MANUFACTURING COMMERCIAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL EXPORTS IMPORTS MARKETING RETAILING PRICES FAMINE HUNGER FOOD SAFETY ALLERGIES DIET CULTURAL RELIGIOUS DIETS DIET DEFICIENCIES MORAL ETHICAL HEALTH CONSCIOUS DIETS NUTRITION DIETARY PROBLEMS LEGAL DEFINITION TYPES FOOD ALSO NOTES REFERENCES FURTHER READING EXTERNAL LINKS FOOD SOURCES GLOBAL AVERAGE DAILY CALORIE CONSUMPTION ALMOST FOODS PLANT ANIMAL ORIGIN CEREAL GRAIN STAPLE FOOD THAT PROVIDES MORE FOOD ENERGY WORLDWIDE THAN OTHER TYPE CROP MAIZE WHEAT RICE THEIR VARIETIES ACCOUNT GRAIN PRODUCTION WORLDWIDE OTHER FOODS FROM ANIMAL PLANT SOURCES INCLUDE VARIOUS EDIBLE FUNGI ESPECIALLY MUSHROOMS FUNGI AMBIENT BACTERIA USED PREPARATION FERMENTED PICKLED FOODS LIKE LEAVENED BREAD ALCOHOLIC DRINKS CHEESE PICKLES KOMBUCHA YOGURT ANOTHER EXAMPLE BLUE-GREEN ALGAE SUCH SPIRULINA INORGANIC SUBSTANCES SUCH BAKING SODA CREAM TARTAR ALSO USED CHEMICALLY ALTER INGREDIENT PLANTS FOODS FROM PLANT SOURCES ALSO HERBS SPICES MANY PLANTS PLANT PARTS EATEN FOOD THERE AROUND PLANT SPECIES WHICH CULTIVATED FOOD MANY HAVE SEVERAL DISTINCT CULTIVARS SEEDS PLANTS GOOD SOURCE FOOD ANIMALS INCLUDING HUMANS BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN NUTRIENTS NECESSARY PLANT'S INITIAL GROWTH INCLUDING MANY HEALTHY FATS SUCH OMEGA FATS FACT MAJORITY FOOD CONSUMED HUMAN BEINGS SEED-BASED FOODS EDIBLE SEEDS INCLUDE CEREALS MAIZE WHEAT RICE CETERA LEGUMES BEANS PEAS LENTILS CETERA NUTS OILSEEDS OFTEN PRESSED PRODUCE RICH OILS SUNFLOWER FLAXSEED RAPESEED INCLUDING CANOLA SESAME CETERA SEEDS TYPICALLY HIGH UNSATURATED FATS MODERATION CONSIDERED HEALTH FOOD ALTHOUGH SEEDS EDIBLE LARGE SEEDS SUCH THOSE FROM LEMON POSE CHOKING HAZARD WHILE SEEDS FROM APPLES CHERRIES CONTAIN POISON CYANIDE FRUITS RIPENED OVARIES PLANTS INCLUDING SEEDS WITHIN MANY PLANTS HAVE EVOLVED FRUITS THAT ATTRACTIVE FOOD SOURCE ANIMALS THAT ANIMALS WILL FRUITS EXCRETE SEEDS SOME DISTANCE AWAY FRUITS THEREFORE MAKE SIGNIFICANT PART DIETS MOST CULTURES SOME BOTANICAL FRUITS SUCH TOMATOES PUMPKINS EGGPLANTS EATEN VEGETABLES MORE INFORMATION LIST FRUITS VEGETABLES SECOND TYPE PLANT MATTER THAT COMMONLY EATEN FOOD THESE INCLUDE ROOT VEGETABLES POTATOES CARROTS LEAF VEGETABLES SPINACH LETTUCE STEM VEGETABLES BAMBOO SHOOTS ASPARAGUS INFLORESCENCE VEGETABLES GLOBE ARTICHOKES BROCCOLI DAIRY CATTLE MARYLAND ANIMALS VARIOUS MEATS MAIN ARTICLES ANIMAL SOURCE FOODS FOOD CHAIN ANIMALS USED FOOD EITHER DIRECTLY INDIRECTLY PRODUCTS THEY PRODUCE MEAT EXAMPLE DIRECT PRODUCT TAKEN FROM ANIMAL WHICH COMES FROM MUSCLE SYSTEMS FROM ORGANS FOOD PRODUCTS PRODUCED ANIMALS INCLUDE MILK PRODUCED MAMMARY GLANDS WHICH MANY CULTURES DRUNK PROCESSED INTO DAIRY PRODUCTS CHEESE BUTTER CETERA ADDITION BIRDS OTHER ANIMALS EGGS WHICH OFTEN EATEN BEES PRODUCE HONEY REDUCED NECTAR FROM FLOWERS WHICH POPULAR SWEETENER MANY CULTURES SOME CULTURES CONSUME BLOOD SOMETIMES FORM BLOOD SAUSAGE THICKENER SAUCES CURED SALTED FORM TIMES FOOD SCARCITY OTHERS BLOOD STEWS SUCH CIVET SOME CULTURES PEOPLE CONSUME MEAT ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS CULTURAL DIETARY HEALTH ETHICAL IDEOLOGICAL REASONS VEGETARIANS CONSUME MEAT VEGANS CONSUME FOODS THAT CONTAIN INGREDIENTS FROM ANIMAL SOURCE PRODUCTION TRACTOR CHASER MAIN ARTICLES AGRICULTURE FOOD INDUSTRY GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD TRADITIONALLY FOOD OBTAINED THROUGH AGRICULTURE WITH INCREASING CONCERN AGRIBUSINESS OVER MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS OWNING WORLD FOOD SUPPLY THROUGH PATENTS GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD THERE BEEN GROWING TREND TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES THIS APPROACH PARTLY FUELED CONSUMER DEMAND ENCOURAGES BIODIVERSITY LOCAL SELF-RELIANCE ORGANIC FARMING METHODS MAJOR INFLUENCES FOOD PRODUCTION INCLUDE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY NATIONAL GOVERNMENT POLICY POPULAR CULTURE MASS PRODUCTION FOOD SPECIFICALLY MEATS SUCH CHICKEN BEEF COME UNDER FIRE FROM VARIOUS DOCUMENTARIES MOST RECENTLY FOOD DOCUMENTING MASS SLAUGHTER POOR TREATMENT ANIMALS OFTEN EASIER REVENUES FROM LARGE CORPORATIONS ALONG WITH CURRENT TREND TOWARDS ENVIRONMENTALISM PEOPLE WESTERN CULTURE HAVE INCREASING TREND TOWARDS HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS FOODS SPECIFIC GROUP PERSON SUCH DIETERS WOMEN ATHLETES FUNCTIONAL FOODS FORTIFIED FOODS SUCH OMEGA- EGGS MORE ETHNICALLY DIVERSE DIET CUISINE PREPARATION MAIN ARTICLES CUISINE REGIONAL CUISINE GLOBAL CUISINES MANY CULTURES HAVE RECOGNIZABLE CUISINE SPECIFIC COOKING TRADITIONS USING VARIOUS SPICES COMBINATION FLAVORS UNIQUE THAT CULTURE WHICH EVOLVES OVER TIME OTHER DIFFERENCES INCLUDE PREFERENCES COLD SPICY PRACTICES STUDY WHICH KNOWN GASTRONOMY MANY CULTURES HAVE DIVERSIFIED THEIR FOODS MEANS PREPARATION COOKING METHODS MANUFACTURING THIS ALSO INCLUDES COMPLEX FOOD TRADE WHICH HELPS CULTURES ECONOMICALLY SURVIVE FOOD JUST CONSUMPTION SOME POPULAR TYPES ETHNIC FOODS INCLUDE ITALIAN FRENCH JAPANESE CHINESE AMERICAN CAJUN THAI INDIAN CUISINE VARIOUS CULTURES THROUGHOUT WORLD STUDY DIETARY ANALYSIS FOOD HABITS WHILE EVOLUTIONARILY SPEAKING OPPOSED CULTURALLY HUMANS OMNIVORES RELIGION SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS SUCH MORALITY ACTIVISM ENVIRONMENTALISM WILL OFTEN AFFECT WHICH FOODS THEY WILL CONSUME FOOD EATEN TYPICALLY ENJOYED THROUGH SENSE TASTE PERCEPTION FLAVOR FROM EATING DRINKING CERTAIN TASTES MORE ENJOYABLE THAN OTHERS EVOLUTIONARY PURPOSES TASTE PERCEPTION ANIMALS SPECIFICALLY HUMANS HAVE FIVE DIFFERENT TYPES TASTES SWEET SOUR SALTY BITTER UMAMI ANIMALS HAVE EVOLVED TASTES THAT PROVIDE MOST ENERGY SUGAR FATS MOST PLEASANT WHILE OTHERS SUCH BITTER ENJOYABLE WATER WHILE IMPORTANT SURVIVAL TASTE FATS OTHER HAND ESPECIALLY SATURATED FATS THICKER RICH THUS CONSIDERED MORE ENJOYABLE SWEET STRUCTURE CELLULOSE BETA-GLUCAN POLYSACCHARIDE GENERALLY REGARDED MOST PLEASANT TASTE SWEETNESS ALMOST ALWAYS CAUSED TYPE SIMPLE SUGAR SUCH GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE DISACCHARIDES SUCH SUCROSE MOLECULE COMBINING GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES LONG CHAINS THUS HAVE SWEET TASTE ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS SUCH SUCRALOSE USED MIMIC SUGAR MOLECULE CREATING SENSATION SWEET WITHOUT CALORIES OTHER TYPES SUGAR INCLUDE SUGAR WHICH KNOWN AMBER COLOR UNPROCESSED SUGAR VITAL ENERGY SURVIVAL TASTE SUGAR PLEASANT STEVIA PLANT CONTAINS COMPOUND KNOWN STEVIOL WHICH WHEN EXTRACTED TIMES SWEETNESS SUGAR WHILE HAVING MINIMAL IMPACT BLOOD SUGAR SOUR SOURNESS CAUSED TASTE ACIDS SUCH VINEGAR ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES SOUR FOODS INCLUDE CITRUS SPECIFICALLY LEMONS LIMES LESSER DEGREE ORANGES SOUR EVOLUTIONARILY SIGNIFICANT SIGN FOOD THAT HAVE GONE RANCID BACTERIA MANY FOODS HOWEVER SLIGHTLY ACIDIC HELP STIMULATE TASTE BUDS ENHANCE FLAVOR SALTY SALT MOUNDS BOLIVIA SALTINESS TASTE ALKALI METAL IONS SUCH SODIUM POTASSIUM FOUND ALMOST EVERY FOOD MODERATE PROPORTIONS ENHANCE FLAVOR ALTHOUGH PURE SALT REGARDED HIGHLY UNPLEASANT THERE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES SALT WITH EACH HAVING DIFFERENT DEGREE SALTINESS INCLUDING SALT FLEUR KOSHER SALT MINED SALT GREY SALT OTHER THAN ENHANCING FLAVOR SIGNIFICANCE THAT BODY NEEDS MAINTAINS DELICATE ELECTROLYTE BALANCE WHICH KIDNEY'S FUNCTION RIND PITH LEMON EXCEPTIONALLY BITTER WHILE LEMON ITSELF CHARACTERIZED SOUR SALT IODIZED MEANING IODINE BEEN ADDED NECESSARY NUTRIENT THAT PROMOTES THYROID FUNCTION SOME CANNED FOODS NOTABLY SOUPS PACKAGED BROTHS TEND HIGH SALT MEANS PRESERVING FOOD LONGER HISTORICALLY SPEAKING SALT BEEN USED MEAT PRESERVATIVE SALT PROMOTES WATER EXCRETION THUS WORKING PRESERVATIVE SIMILARLY DRIED FOODS ALSO PROMOTE FOOD SAFETY BITTER BITTERNESS HIGHLY UNPLEASANT SENSATION CHARACTERIZED HAVING SHARP PUNGENT TASTE DARK UNSWEETENED CHOCOLATE CAFFEINE LEMON RIND SOME TYPES FRUIT KNOWN BITTER UMAMI UMAMI JAPANESE WORD DELICIOUS LEAST KNOWN WESTERN POPULAR CULTURE LONG TRADITION ASIAN CUISINE UMAMI TASTE GLUTAMATES ESPECIALLY MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE CHARACTERIZED SAVORY MEATY RICH FLAVOR SALMON MUSHROOMS FOODS HIGH UMAMI MEAT OTHER ANIMAL BYPRODUCTS DESCRIBED HAVING THIS TASTE PRESENTATION FRENCH BASIL SALMON TERRINE WITH EYE-APPEALING GARNISHES MAIN ARTICLE FOOD PRESENTATION AESTHETICALLY-PLEASING EYE-APPEALING FOOD PRESENTATIONS ENCOURAGE PEOPLE CONSUME FOODS COMMON SAYING THAT PEOPLE WITH THEIR EYES FOOD PRESENTED CLEAN APPETIZING WILL ENCOURAGE GOOD FLAVOR EVEN UNSATISFACTORY CONTRAST TEXTURE TEXTURE PLAYS CRUCIAL ROLE ENJOYMENT EATING FOODS CONTRASTS TEXTURES SUCH SOMETHING CRUNCHY OTHERWISE SMOOTH DISH INCREASE APPEAL EATING COMMON EXAMPLES INCLUDE ADDING GRANOLA YOGURT ADDING CROUTONS SALAD SOUP TOASTING BREAD ENHANCE CRUNCHINESS SMOOTH TOPPING SUCH BUTTER CONTRAST TASTE ANOTHER UNIVERSAL PHENOMENON REGARDING FOOD APPEAL CONTRAST TASTE PRESENTATION OPPOSITE FLAVORS SUCH SWEET SALTINESS TEND WELL TOGETHER SUCH KETTLE CORN WITH NUTS FOOD PREPARATION MAIN ARTICLE OUTLINE FOOD PREPARATION WHILE MANY FOODS EATEN MANY ALSO UNDERGO SOME FORM PREPARATION REASONS SAFETY PALATABILITY TEXTURE FLAVOR SIMPLEST LEVEL THIS INVOLVE WASHING CUTTING TRIMMING ADDING OTHER FOODS INGREDIENTS SUCH SPICES ALSO INVOLVE MIXING HEATING COOLING PRESSURE COOKING FERMENTATION COMBINATION WITH OTHER FOOD HOME MOST FOOD PREPARATION TAKES PLACE KITCHEN SOME PREPARATION DONE ENHANCE TASTE AESTHETIC APPEAL OTHER PREPARATION HELP PRESERVE FOOD OTHERS INVOLVED CULTURAL IDENTITY MEAL MADE FOOD WHICH PREPARED EATEN SPECIFIC TIME PLACE REFIGRERATOR'S HELPING KEEP FOOD'S GREED FRESH-ING ANIMAL PREPARATION WORKERS CATTLE SLAUGHTERHOUSE PREPARATION ANIMAL-BASED FOOD USUALLY INVOLVES SLAUGHTER EVISCERATION HANGING PORTIONING RENDERING DEVELOPED COUNTRIES THIS USUALLY DONE OUTSIDE HOME SLAUGHTERHOUSES WHICH USED PROCESS ANIMALS MASSE MEAT PRODUCTION MANY COUNTRIES REGULATE THEIR SLAUGHTERHOUSES EXAMPLE UNITED STATES ESTABLISHED HUMANE SLAUGHTER WHICH REQUIRES THAT ANIMAL STUNNED BEFORE KILLING THIS LIKE THOSE MANY COUNTRIES EXEMPTS SLAUGHTER ACCORDANCE RELIGIOUS SUCH KOSHER SHECHITA DHABI HALAL STRICT INTERPRETATIONS KASHRUT REQUIRE ANIMAL FULLY AWARE WHEN CAROTID ARTERY LOCAL LEVEL BUTCHER COMMONLY BREAK DOWN LARGER ANIMAL MEAT INTO SMALLER MANAGEABLE CUTS PRE-WRAP THEM COMMERCIAL SALE WRAP THEM ORDER BUTCHER PAPER ADDITION FISH SEAFOOD FABRICATED INTO SMALLER CUTS FISH MONGER HOWEVER FISH BUTCHERY DONE BOARD FISHING VESSEL QUICK-FROZEN PRESERVATION QUALITY COOKING COOKING WITH CHINA MAIN ARTICLE COOKING TERM COOKING ENCOMPASSES VAST RANGE METHODS TOOLS COMBINATIONS INGREDIENTS IMPROVE FLAVOR DIGESTIBILITY FOOD COOKING TECHNIQUE KNOWN CULINARY GENERALLY REQUIRES SELECTION MEASUREMENT COMBINING INGREDIENTS ORDERED PROCEDURE EFFORT ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULT CONSTRAINTS SUCCESS INCLUDE VARIABILITY INGREDIENTS AMBIENT CONDITIONS TOOLS SKILL INDIVIDUAL COOK DIVERSITY COOKING WORLDWIDE REFLECTION MYRIAD NUTRITIONAL AESTHETIC AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC CULTURAL RELIGIOUS CONSIDERATIONS THAT AFFECT COOKING REQUIRES APPLYING HEAT FOOD WHICH USUALLY THOUGH ALWAYS CHEMICALLY CHANGES MOLECULES THUS CHANGING FLAVOR TEXTURE APPEARANCE NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES COOKING CERTAIN PROTEINS SUCH WHITES MEATS FISH DENATURES PROTEIN CAUSING FIRM THERE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ROASTED FOODSTUFFS HOMO ERECTUS CAMPSITES DATING FROM YEARS BOILING MEANS COOKING REQUIRES CONTAINER BEEN PRACTICED LEAST SINCE MILLENNIUM WITH INTRODUCTION POTTERY COOKING EQUIPMENT STAINLESS STEEL FRYING TRADITIONAL ASADO BARBECUE MAIN ARTICLE COOKWARE BAKEWARE THERE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES EQUIPMENT USED COOKING OVENS MOSTLY HOLLOW DEVICES THAT VERY USED BAKING ROASTING OFFER DRY-HEAT COOKING METHOD DIFFERENT CUISINES WILL DIFFERENT TYPES OVENS EXAMPLE INDIAN CULTURE USES TANDOOR OVEN WHICH CYLINDRICAL CLAY OVEN WHICH OPERATES SINGLE HIGH TEMPERATURE WESTERN KITCHENS VARIABLE TEMPERATURE CONVECTION OVENS CONVENTIONAL OVENS TOASTER OVENS NON-RADIANT HEAT OVENS LIKE MICROWAVE OVEN CLASSIC ITALIAN CUISINE INCLUDES BRICK OVEN CONTAINING BURNING WOOD OVENS WOOD-FIRED COAL-FIRED ELECTRIC OIL-FIRED VARIOUS TYPES COOK-TOPS USED WELL THEY CARRY SAME VARIATIONS FUEL TYPES OVENS MENTIONED ABOVE COOK-TOPS USED HEAT VESSELS PLACED HEAT SOURCE SUCH SAUTé SAUCE FRYING PRESSURE COOKER THESE PIECES EQUIPMENT EITHER MOIST COOKING METHOD INCLUDE METHODS SUCH STEAMING SIMMERING BOILING POACHING MOIST METHODS WHILE METHODS INCLUDE SAUTéING FRYING DEEP-FRYING ADDITION MANY CULTURES GRILLS COOKING GRILL OPERATES WITH RADIANT HEAT SOURCE FROM BELOW USUALLY COVERED WITH METAL GRID SOMETIMES COVER OPEN BARBECUE AMERICAN SOUTH EXAMPLE ALONG WITH AMERICAN STYLE OUTDOOR GRILL FUELED WOOD LIQUID PROPANE CHARCOAL ALONG WITH SOAKED WOOD CHIPS SMOKING MEXICAN STYLE BARBECUE CALLED BARBACOA WHICH INVOLVES COOKING MEATS SUCH WHOLE SHEEP OVER OPEN FIRE ARGENTINA ASADO SPANISH GRILLED PREPARED GRILL HELD OVER OPEN FIRE MADE UPON GROUND WHICH WHOLE ANIMAL SMALLER CUTS GRILLED FOOD PREPARATION MANY TYPES FISH READY EATEN INCLUDING SALMON TUNA MAIN ARTICLE FOODISM CERTAIN CULTURES HIGHLIGHT ANIMAL VEGETABLE FOODS THEIR STATE SALADS CONSISTING VEGETABLES FRUITS COMMON MANY CUISINES SASHIMI JAPANESE CUISINE CONSISTS SLICED FISH OTHER MEAT SUSHI OFTEN INCORPORATES FISH SEAFOOD STEAK TARTARE SALMON TARTARE DISHES MADE FROM DICED GROUND BEEF SALMON MIXED WITH VARIOUS INGREDIENTS SERVED WITH BAGUETTES BRIOCHE FRITES ITALY CARPACCIO DISH VERY THINLY SLICED BEEF DRIZZLED WITH VINAIGRETTE MADE WITH OLIVE HEALTH FOOD MOVEMENT KNOWN FOODISM PROMOTES MOSTLY VEGAN DIET FRUITS VEGETABLES GRAINS PREPARED VARIOUS WAYS INCLUDING JUICING FOOD DEHYDRATION SPROUTING OTHER METHODS PREPARATION THAT HEAT FOOD ABOVE EXAMPLE MEAT DISH CEVICHE LATIN AMERICAN DISH MADE WITH MEAT THAT COOKED FROM HIGHLY ACIDIC CITRIC JUICE FROM LEMONS LIMES ALONG WITH OTHER AROMATICS SUCH GARLIC RESTAURANTS MCDONALD'S RESTAURANT RIYADH SAUDI ARABIA TOM'S RESTAURANT RESTAURANT YORK MAIN ARTICLE RESTAURANT RESTAURANTS EMPLOY TRAINED CHEFS PREPARE FOOD TRAINED WAITSTAFF SERVE CUSTOMERS TERM RESTAURANT CREDITED FRENCH FROM CENTURY RELATES RESTORATIVE NATURE BOUILLONS THAT WERE ONCE SERVED THEM HOWEVER CONCEPT PRE-DATES NAMING THESE ESTABLISHMENTS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS COMMERCIAL FOOD PREPARATION HAVE EXISTED DURING CITY POMPEII URBAN SALES PREPARED FOODS HAVE EXISTED CHINA DURING SONG DYNASTY COFFEE SHOPS CAFéS CENTURY EUROPE ALSO CONSIDERED EARLY VERSION RESTAURANT POPULATION UNITED STATES SPENT BILLION OUT-OF-HOME DINING EXPENDITURES TYPE OUT-OF-HOME DINING WERE FOLLOWS FULL-SERVICE RESTAURANTS LIMITED SERVICE RESTAURANTS FAST FOOD SCHOOLS COLLEGES BARS VENDING MACHINES HOTELS MOTELS RECREATIONAL PLACES OTHERS WHICH INCLUDES MILITARY BASES FOOD MANUFACTURING PACKAGED HOUSEHOLD FOOD ITEMS MAIN ARTICLE FOOD MANUFACTURE PACKAGED FOODS MANUFACTURED OUTSIDE HOME PURCHASE THIS SIMPLE BUTCHER PREPARING MEAT COMPLEX MODERN INTERNATIONAL FOOD INDUSTRY EARLY FOOD PROCESSING TECHNIQUES WERE LIMITED AVAILABLE FOOD PRESERVATION PACKAGING TRANSPORTATION THIS MAINLY INVOLVED SALTING CURING CURDLING DRYING PICKLING FERMENTING SMOKING FOOD MANUFACTURING AROSE DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CENTURY THIS DEVELOPMENT TOOK ADVANTAGE MASS MARKETS EMERGING TECHNOLOGY SUCH MILLING PRESERVATION PACKAGING LABELING TRANSPORTATION BROUGHT ADVANTAGES PRE-PREPARED TIME-SAVING FOOD BULK ORDINARY PEOPLE EMPLOY DOMESTIC SERVANTS START CENTURY TWO-TIER STRUCTURE ARISEN WITH INTERNATIONAL FOOD PROCESSING GIANTS CONTROLLING WIDE RANGE WELL-KNOWN FOOD BRANDS THERE ALSO EXISTS WIDE ARRAY SMALL LOCAL NATIONAL FOOD PROCESSING COMPANIES ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES HAVE ALSO COME CHANGE FOOD MANUFACTURE COMPUTER-BASED CONTROL SYSTEMS SOPHISTICATED PROCESSING PACKAGING METHODS LOGISTICS DISTRIBUTION ADVANCES ENHANCE PRODUCT QUALITY IMPROVE FOOD SAFETY REDUCE COSTS COMMERCIAL TRADE FOOD IMPORTS INTERNATIONAL EXPORTS IMPORTS WORLD BANK REPORTED THAT EUROPEAN UNION FOOD IMPORTER FOLLOWED DISTANCE JAPAN FOOD TRADED MARKETED GLOBAL BASIS VARIETY AVAILABILITY FOOD LONGER RESTRICTED DIVERSITY LOCALLY GROWN FOOD LIMITATIONS LOCAL GROWING SEASON BETWEEN THERE INCREASE WORLDWIDE FOOD EXPORTS SOME COUNTRIES ECONOMICALLY DEPENDENT FOOD EXPORTS WHICH SOME CASES ACCOUNT OVER EXPORTS OVER COUNTRIES BECAME SIGNATORIES URUGUAY ROUND GENERAL AGREEMENT TARIFFS TRADE DRAMATIC INCREASE TRADE LIBERALIZATION THIS INCLUDED AGREEMENT REDUCE SUBSIDIES PAID FARMERS UNDERPINNED ENFORCEMENT AGRICULTURAL SUBSIDY TARIFFS IMPORT QUOTAS SETTLEMENT TRADE DISPUTES THAT CANNOT BILATERALLY RESOLVED WHERE TRADE BARRIERS RAISED DISPUTED GROUNDS PUBLIC HEALTH SAFETY REFER DISPUTE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION WHICH FOUNDED UNITED NATIONS FOOD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION GREATLY AFFECTED WORLD FOOD TRADE MARKETING RETAILING PACKAGED FOOD AISLES SUPERMARKET PORTLAND OREGON UNITED STATES AMERICA FOOD MARKETING BRINGS TOGETHER PRODUCER CONSUMER CHAIN ACTIVITIES THAT BRINGS FOOD FROM FARM GATE PLATE MARKETING EVEN SINGLE FOOD PRODUCT COMPLICATED PROCESS INVOLVING MANY PRODUCERS COMPANIES EXAMPLE FIFTY-SIX COMPANIES INVOLVED MAKING CHICKEN NOODLE SOUP THESE BUSINESSES INCLUDE ONLY CHICKEN VEGETABLE PROCESSORS ALSO COMPANIES THAT TRANSPORT INGREDIENTS THOSE PRINT LABELS MANUFACTURE CANS FOOD MARKETING SYSTEM LARGEST DIRECT INDIRECT NON-GOVERNMENT EMPLOYER UNITED STATES PRE-MODERN SALE SURPLUS FOOD TOOK PLACE ONCE WEEK WHEN FARMERS TOOK THEIR WARES MARKET INTO LOCAL VILLAGE MARKETPLACE HERE FOOD SOLD GROCERS SALE THEIR LOCAL SHOPS PURCHASE LOCAL CONSUMERS WITH ONSET INDUSTRIALIZATION DEVELOPMENT FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY WIDER RANGE FOOD COULD SOLD DISTRIBUTED DISTANT LOCATIONS TYPICALLY EARLY GROCERY SHOPS WOULD COUNTER-BASED SHOPS WHICH PURCHASERS TOLD SHOP-KEEPER WHAT THEY WANTED THAT SHOP-KEEPER COULD THEM CENTURY SUPERMARKETS WERE BORN SUPERMARKETS BROUGHT WITH THEM SELF SERVICE APPROACH SHOPPING USING SHOPPING CARTS WERE ABLE OFFER QUALITY FOOD LOWER COST THROUGH ECONOMIES SCALE REDUCED STAFFING COSTS LATTER PART CENTURY THIS BEEN FURTHER REVOLUTIONIZED DEVELOPMENT VAST WAREHOUSE-SIZED OUT-OF-TOWN SUPERMARKETS SELLING WIDE RANGE FOOD FROM AROUND WORLD UNLIKE FOOD PROCESSORS FOOD RETAILING TWO-TIER MARKET WHICH SMALL NUMBER VERY LARGE COMPANIES CONTROL LARGE PROPORTION SUPERMARKETS SUPERMARKET GIANTS WIELD GREAT PURCHASING POWER OVER FARMERS PROCESSORS STRONG INFLUENCE OVER CONSUMERS NEVERTHELESS LESS THAN CONSUMER SPENDING FOOD GOES FARMERS WITH LARGER PERCENTAGES GOING ADVERTISING TRANSPORTATION INTERMEDIATE CORPORATIONS PRICES SOME ESSENTIAL FOOD PRODUCTS INCLUDING BREAD RICE PASTA MAIN ARTICLES WORLD FOOD PRICE CRISIS FOOD FUEL REPORTED MARCH THAT CONSUMERS WORLDWIDE FACED RISING FOOD PRICES REASONS THIS DEVELOPMENT INCLUDE CHANGES WEATHER DRAMATIC CHANGES GLOBAL ECONOMY INCLUDING HIGHER PRICES LOWER FOOD RESERVES GROWING CONSUMER DEMAND CHINA INDIA LONG TERM PRICES EXPECTED STABILIZE FARMERS WILL GROW MORE GRAIN BOTH FUEL FOOD EVENTUALLY BRING PRICES DOWN ALREADY THIS HAPPENING WITH WHEAT WITH MORE CROPS PLANTED UNITED STATES CANADA EUROPE HOWEVER FOOD AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION PROJECTS THAT CONSUMERS STILL HAVE DEAL WITH MORE EXPENSIVE FOOD UNTIL LEAST RARE SPIKES MAJOR FOODS MOST COUNTRIES ONCE FOOD PRICES ROSE UNITED STATES HIGHEST INCREASE SINCE EXPECTED CLIMB MUCH AGAIN DECEMBER COUNTRIES FACED FOOD CRISES IMPOSED SOME SORT FOOD-PRICE CONTROLS CHINA PRICE PORK JUMPED FARM SUBSIDIES SUPPORT PROGRAMS ALLOWED MAJOR GRAIN EXPORTING COUNTRIES HOLD LARGE SURPLUSES WHICH COULD TAPPED DURING FOOD SHORTAGES KEEP PRICES DOWN HOWEVER TRADE POLICIES HAVE MADE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION MUCH MORE RESPONSIVE MARKET DEMANDS PUTTING GLOBAL FOOD RESERVES THEIR LOWEST SINCE FOOD PRICES RISING WEALTHIER ASIAN CONSUMERS WESTERNIZING THEIR DIETS FARMERS NATIONS THIRD WORLD STRUGGLING KEEP PACE PAST FIVE YEARS HAVE SEEN RAPID GROWTH CONTRIBUTION ASIAN NATIONS GLOBAL FLUID POWDERED MILK MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY WHICH ACCOUNTED MORE THAN PRODUCTION WHILE CHINA ALONE ACCOUNTS MORE THAN BOTH PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION GLOBAL FRUIT VEGETABLE PROCESSING PRESERVING INDUSTRY TREND SIMILARLY EVIDENT INDUSTRIES SUCH SOFT DRINK BOTTLED WATER MANUFACTURING WELL GLOBAL COCOA CHOCOLATE SUGAR CONFECTIONERY MANUFACTURING FORECAST GROW RESPECTIVELY DURING RESPONSE SOARING DEMAND CHINESE SOUTHEAST ASIAN MARKETS FAMINE HUNGER FOOD DEPRIVATION LEADS MALNUTRITION ULTIMATELY STARVATION THIS OFTEN CONNECTED WITH FAMINE WHICH INVOLVES ABSENCE FOOD ENTIRE COMMUNITIES THIS HAVE DEVASTATING WIDESPREAD EFFECT HUMAN HEALTH MORTALITY RATIONING SOMETIMES USED DISTRIBUTE FOOD TIMES SHORTAGE MOST NOTABLY DURING TIMES STARVATION SIGNIFICANT INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM APPROXIMATELY MILLION PEOPLE UNDERNOURISHED OVER CHILDREN FROM HUNGER-RELATED CAUSES FOOD DEPRIVATION REGARDED DEFICIT NEED MASLOW'S HIERARCHY NEEDS MEASURED USING FAMINE SCALES FOOD FOOD BENEFIT PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM SHORTAGE FOOD USED IMPROVE PEOPLES' LIVES SHORT TERM THAT SOCIETY INCREASE STANDARD LIVING POINT THAT FOOD LONGER REQUIRED CONVERSELY BADLY MANAGED FOOD CREATE PROBLEMS DISRUPTING LOCAL MARKETS DEPRESSING CROP PRICES DISCOURAGING FOOD PRODUCTION SOMETIMES CYCLE FOOD DEPENDENCE DEVELOP PROVISION THREATENED WITHDRAWAL SOMETIMES USED POLITICAL TOOL INFLUENCE POLICIES DESTINATION COUNTRY STRATEGY KNOWN FOOD POLITICS SOMETIMES FOOD PROVISIONS WILL REQUIRE CERTAIN TYPES FOOD PURCHASED FROM CERTAIN SELLERS FOOD MISUSED ENHANCE MARKETS DONOR COUNTRIES INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS DISTRIBUTE FOOD NEEDIEST COUNTRIES OFTEN COORDINATED WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME SAFETY MAIN ARTICLE FOOD SAFETY SALMONELLA BACTERIA COMMON CAUSE FOODBORNE ILLNESS PARTICULARLY UNDERCOOKED CHICKEN CHICKEN EGGS HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS HACCP FLOWCHART FOODBORNE ILLNESS COMMONLY CALLED FOOD POISONING CAUSED BACTERIA TOXINS VIRUSES PARASITES PRIONS ROUGHLY MILLION PEOPLE FOOD POISONING EACH YEAR WITH ABOUT TIMES MANY SUFFERING FROM NON-FATAL VERSION MOST COMMON FACTORS LEADING CASES BACTERIAL FOODBORNE ILLNESS CROSS-CONTAMINATION READY-TO-EAT FOOD FROM OTHER UNCOOKED FOODS IMPROPER TEMPERATURE CONTROL LESS COMMONLY ACUTE ADVERSE REACTIONS ALSO OCCUR CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION FOOD OCCURS EXAMPLE FROM IMPROPER STORAGE NON-FOOD GRADE SOAPS DISINFECTANTS FOOD ALSO ADULTERATED VERY WIDE RANGE ARTICLES KNOWN FOREIGN BODIES DURING FARMING MANUFACTURE COOKING PACKAGING DISTRIBUTION SALE THESE FOREIGN BODIES INCLUDE PESTS THEIR DROPPINGS HAIRS CIGARETTE BUTTS WOOD CHIPS MANNER OTHER CONTAMINANTS POSSIBLE CERTAIN TYPES FOOD BECOME CONTAMINATED STORED PRESENTED UNSAFE CONTAINER SUCH CERAMIC WITH LEAD-BASED GLAZE FOOD POISONING BEEN RECOGNIZED DISEASE SINCE EARLY HIPPOCRATES SALE RANCID CONTAMINATED ADULTERATED FOOD COMMONPLACE UNTIL INTRODUCTION HYGIENE REFRIGERATION VERMIN CONTROLS CENTURY DISCOVERY TECHNIQUES KILLING BACTERIA USING HEAT OTHER MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDIES SCIENTISTS SUCH LOUIS PASTEUR CONTRIBUTED MODERN SANITATION STANDARDS THAT UBIQUITOUS DEVELOPED NATIONS TODAY THIS FURTHER UNDERPINNED WORK JUSTUS LIEBIG WHICH DEVELOPMENT MODERN FOOD STORAGE FOOD PRESERVATION METHODS MORE RECENT YEARS GREATER UNDERSTANDING CAUSES FOOD-BORNE ILLNESSES DEVELOPMENT MORE SYSTEMATIC APPROACHES SUCH HAZARD ANALYSIS CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS HACCP WHICH IDENTIFY ELIMINATE MANY RISKS RECOMMENDED MEASURES ENSURING FOOD SAFETY INCLUDE MAINTAINING CLEAN PREPARATION AREA WITH FOODS DIFFERENT TYPES KEPT SEPARATE ENSURING ADEQUATE COOKING TEMPERATURE REFRIGERATING FOODS PROMPTLY AFTER COOKING FOODS THAT SPOIL EASILY SUCH MEATS DAIRY SEAFOOD MUST PREPARED CERTAIN AVOID CONTAMINATING PEOPLE WHOM THEY PREPARED SUCH GENERAL RULE THUMB THAT COLD FOODS SUCH DAIRY PRODUCTS SHOULD KEPT COLD FOODS SUCH SOUP SHOULD KEPT UNTIL STORAGE COLD MEATS SUCH CHICKEN THAT COOKED SHOULD PLACED ROOM TEMPERATURE THAWING RISK DANGEROUS BACTERIAL GROWTH SUCH SALMONELLA COLI ALLERGIES MAIN ARTICLE FOOD ALLERGY SOME PEOPLE HAVE ALLERGIES SENSITIVITIES FOODS WHICH PROBLEMATIC MOST PEOPLE THIS OCCURS WHEN PERSON'S IMMUNE SYSTEM MISTAKES CERTAIN FOOD PROTEIN HARMFUL FOREIGN AGENT ATTACKS ABOUT ADULTS CHILDREN HAVE FOOD ALLERGY AMOUNT FOOD SUBSTANCE REQUIRED PROVOKE REACTION PARTICULARLY SUSCEPTIBLE INDIVIDUAL QUITE SMALL SOME INSTANCES TRACES FOOD MINUTE PERCEIVED THROUGH SMELL HAVE BEEN KNOWN PROVOKE LETHAL REACTIONS EXTREMELY SENSITIVE INDIVIDUALS COMMON FOOD ALLERGENS GLUTEN CORN SHELLFISH MOLLUSKS PEANUTS ALLERGENS FREQUENTLY PRODUCE SYMPTOMS SUCH DIARRHEA RASHES BLOATING VOMITING REGURGITATION DIGESTIVE COMPLAINTS USUALLY DEVELOP WITHIN HALF HOUR INGESTING ALLERGEN RARELY FOOD ALLERGIES LEAD MEDICAL EMERGENCY SUCH ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK HYPOTENSION BLOOD PRESSURE LOSS CONSCIOUSNESS ALLERGEN ASSOCIATED WITH THIS TYPE REACTION PEANUT ALTHOUGH LATEX PRODUCTS INDUCE SIMILAR REACTIONS INITIAL TREATMENT WITH EPINEPHRINE ADRENALINE OFTEN CARRIED KNOWN PATIENTS FORM EPI-PEN TWINJECT DIET PACKAGE HALAL-CERTIFIED FROZEN FOOD STEAMED CABBAGE BUNS FROM JIANGSU PROVINCE CHINA MAIN ARTICLE DIET NUTRITION CULTURAL RELIGIOUS DIETS DIETARY HABITS HABITUAL DECISIONS PERSON CULTURE MAKES WHEN CHOOSING WHAT FOODS MANY CULTURES HOLD SOME FOOD PREFERENCES SOME FOOD TABOOS DIETARY CHOICES ALSO DEFINE CULTURES PLAY ROLE RELIGION EXAMPLE ONLY KOSHER FOODS PERMITTED JUDAISM HALAL FOODS ISLAM HINDUISM BEEF RESTRICTED ADDITION DIETARY CHOICES DIFFERENT COUNTRIES REGIONS HAVE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS THIS HIGHLY RELATED CULTURE'S CUISINE DIET DEFICIENCIES MAIN ARTICLE AVITAMINOSIS DIETARY HABITS PLAY SIGNIFICANT ROLE HEALTH MORTALITY HUMANS IMBALANCES BETWEEN CONSUMED FUELS EXPENDED ENERGY RESULTS EITHER STARVATION EXCESSIVE RESERVES ADIPOSE TISSUE KNOWN BODY POOR INTAKE VARIOUS VITAMINS MINERALS LEAD DISEASES THAT HAVE FAR-REACHING EFFECTS HEALTH INSTANCE WORLD'S POPULATION EITHER RISK DEVELOPING IODINE DEFICIENCY ESTIMATED THAT LEAST MILLION CHILDREN BLIND VITAMIN DEFICIENCY VITAMIN DEFICIENCY RESULTS SCURVY CALCIUM VITAMIN PHOSPHORUS INTER-RELATED CONSUMPTION EACH AFFECT ABSORPTION OTHERS KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS CHILDHOOD DISORDERS CAUSED LACK DIETARY PROTEIN MORAL ETHICAL HEALTH CONSCIOUS DIETS MANY INDIVIDUALS LIMIT WHAT FOODS THEY REASONS MORALITY OTHER HABIT INSTANCE VEGETARIANS CHOOSE FORGO FOOD FROM ANIMAL SOURCES VARYING DEGREES OTHERS CHOOSE HEALTHIER DIET AVOIDING SUGARS ANIMAL FATS INCREASING CONSUMPTION DIETARY FIBER ANTIOXIDANTS OBESITY SERIOUS PROBLEM WESTERN WORLD LEADS HIGHER CHANCES DEVELOPING HEART DISEASE DIABETES MANY OTHER DISEASES MORE RECENTLY DIETARY HABITS HAVE BEEN INFLUENCED CONCERNS THAT SOME PEOPLE HAVE ABOUT POSSIBLE IMPACTS HEALTH ENVIRONMENT FROM GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD FURTHER CONCERNS ABOUT IMPACT INDUSTRIAL FARMING GRAINS ANIMAL WELFARE HUMAN HEALTH ENVIRONMENT ALSO HAVING EFFECT CONTEMPORARY HUMAN DIETARY HABITS THIS EMERGENCE COUNTERCULTURE WITH PREFERENCE ORGANIC LOCAL FOOD NUTRITION DIETARY PROBLEMS USDA FOOD PYRAMID BETWEEN EXTREMES OPTIMAL HEALTH DEATH FROM STARVATION MALNUTRITION THERE ARRAY DISEASE STATES THAT CAUSED ALLEVIATED CHANGES DIET DEFICIENCIES EXCESSES IMBALANCES DIET PRODUCE NEGATIVE IMPACTS HEALTH WHICH LEAD DISEASES SUCH SCURVY OBESITY OSTEOPOROSIS WELL PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS SCIENCE NUTRITION ATTEMPTS UNDERSTAND SPECIFIC DIETARY ASPECTS INFLUENCE HEALTH NUTRIENTS FOOD GROUPED INTO SEVERAL CATEGORIES MACRONUTRIENTS PROTEIN CARBOHYDRATES MICRONUTRIENTS MINERALS VITAMINS ADDITIONALLY FOOD CONTAINS WATER DIETARY FIBER PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED BODY DESIGNED NATURAL SELECTION ENJOY SWEET FATTENING FOODS EVOLUTIONARY DIETS IDEAL HUNTERS GATHERERS THUS SWEET FATTENING FOODS NATURE TYPICALLY RARE VERY PLEASURABLE MODERN TIMES WITH ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY ENJOYABLE FOODS EASILY AVAILABLE CONSUMERS UNFORTUNATELY THIS PROMOTES OBESITY ADULTS CHILDREN ALIKE LEGAL DEFINITION SOME COUNTRIES LIST LEGAL DEFINITION FOOD THESE COUNTRIES LIST FOOD ITEM THAT PROCESSED PARTIALLY PROCESSED UNPROCESSED CONSUMPTION LISTING ITEMS INCLUDED FOODSTUFFS INCLUDE SUBSTANCE INTENDED REASONABLY EXPECTED INGESTED HUMANS ADDITION THESE FOODSTUFFS DRINK CHEWING WATER OTHER ITEMS PROCESSED INTO SAID FOOD ITEMS PART LEGAL DEFINITION FOOD ITEMS INCLUDED LEGAL DEFINITION FOOD INCLUDE ANIMAL FEED LIVE ANIMALS UNLESS BEING PREPARED SALE MARKET PLANTS PRIOR HARVESTING MEDICINAL PRODUCTS COSMETICS TOBACCO TOBACCO PRODUCTS NARCOTIC PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES RESIDUES CONTAMINANTS TYPES FOOD COMFORT FOOD FAST FOOD JUNK FOOD NATURAL FOOD ORGANIC FOOD SLOW FOOD WHOLE FOOD ALSO PORTAL ICON AGRICULTURE AGRONOMY PORTAL PORTAL ICON FOOD PORTAL CONTEMPORARY 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STIBIUM TELLURIUM IODINE VIIA XENON VIIIA CAESIUM CESIUM BARIUM LANTHANUM CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM IIIB HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN WOLFRAM RHENIUM VIIB OSMIUM VIII IRIDIUM VIII PLATINUM VIII GOLD AURUM MERCURY HYDRARGYRUM THALLIUM IIIA LEAD PLUMBUM BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE VIIA RADON VIIIA FRANCIUM RADIUM ACTINIUM THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM IIIB RUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM BOHRIUM VIIB HASSIUM VIII MEITNERIUM VIII DARMSTADTIUM VIII ROENTGENIUM UNUNBIUM UNUNTRIUM IIIA UNUNQUADIUM UNUNPENTIUM UNUNHEXIUM UNUNSEPTIUM VIIA UNUNOCTIUM VIIIA RECENT YEARS SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED RARE GENETIC MUTATIONS THAT THEMSELVES PRODUCE AUTISM THEY HAVE LIKEWISE FOUND LARGE NUMBER GENETIC CHANGES THAT INCREASE RISK THAT CHILD WILL DEVELOP THIS DISORDER HOWEVER FEWER THAN PERCENT THOSE WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER HARBOR IDENTIFIABLE GENE DEFECTS DIRECTLY RELATED DISEASE STUDY PROVIDES STRONG EVIDENCE THAT SOME CASES DEVELOPMENT AUTISM STEMS—NOT FROM MUTATIONS GENES THEMSELVES—BUT FROM PROBLEMS WITH PROTEINS THAT HELP CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION INSIDE CELL STUDY CO-FUNDED AUTISM SPEAKS MADE POSSIBLE DONATIONS AUTISM TISSUE PROGRAM APPEARS TODAY ARCHIVES GENERAL PSYCHIATRY EPIGENETICS STUDY GENE REGULATION ORGANIZATION THAT OCCURS INDEPENDENT CHANGES GENE’S “CODE SEQUENCE INDEED VAST MAJORITY GENES GIVEN CELL REMAIN INACTIVE GIVEN TIME OTHER PARTS BODY NORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION DEPEND RIGHT GENETIC “SWITCHES” BEING FLIPPED RIGHT TIME HISTONE METHYLATION SUCH EPIGENETIC SWITCH AUTISM SCIENTISTS HAVE SPECULATED THAT INCREASED RISK AUTISM MIGHT RESULT FROM PROBLEMS CONTROL GENE EXPRESSION BRAIN CELLS LIKE MUTATIONS THESE EPIGENETIC CHANGES INHERITED FAMILIES THEY ALSO CAUSED EXPOSURE CHEMICALS LACK CRUCIAL NUTRIENTS OTHER MANY POSSIBLE STRESSES EXPLAIN STUDY CO-AUTHORS NEUROBIOLOGIST SCHAHRAM AKBARIAN BIOINFORMATICS EXPERT ZHIPING WENG BOTH UNIVERSITY MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL WORCESTER TERMS AUTISM RISK SUCH STRESSES MIGHT HAVE THEIR STRONGEST EFFECT WOMB FIRST MONTHS AFTER BIRTH BOTH CRUCIAL PERIODS BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AKBARIAN WENG JUST IMPORTANT AKBARIAN ADDS ORDER DEVELOP THERAPIES AUTISM MUST FIRST UNDERSTAND THESE BIOLOGICAL CHANGES MOLECULAR LEVEL PERFORMING THEIR WORK AKBARIAN WENG THEIR COLLEAGUES COMPARED DONATED POSTMORTEM BRAIN TISSUE FROM PERSONS WERE DIAGNOSED WITH AUTISM WITH THAT DONATED FROM SAME-AGE PERSONS DIED WITHOUT AUTISM DIAGNOSIS INSTEAD LOOKING CHANGES ACTUAL GENES MOLECULES WITHIN BRAIN CELLS THEY EXAMINED HISTONE MOLECULES THAT PACKAGE ORGANIZE DOING THEY NOTED MARKED DIFFERENCES ABNORMALITIES THAT MIGHT ACCOUNT DISRUPTION NORMAL GENE ACTIVITY BRAIN DEVELOPMENT BRAIN CELL FUNCTION ALTHOUGH SINGLE EPIGENETIC CHANGE FOUND BRAIN TISSUES AFFECTED AUTISM RESEARCHERS OVERALL PATTERN HUNDREDS ABNORMAL CHANGES SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THIS MATERIAL WHICH ESSENCE “WRAPS” CELL’S GENES THESE CHANGES WERE MOST FREQUENTLY SEEN GENES ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK AUTISM OTHER NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS CAUSE THESE ABNORMALITIES REMAINS UNCLEAR AKBARIAN SAYS THESE FINDINGS OPEN EXCITING FIELD EXPLORING POSSIBLE CAUSES—AND TREATMENT—OF DISABLING FORMS AUTISM KNOW THAT AUTISM CAUSED COMBINATION BOTH GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SAYS AUTISM SPEAKS CHIEF SCIENCE OFFICER GERI DAWSON “THIS STUDY SHOWS THAT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ACTING GENES THEMSELVES DISRUPTING THEIR NORMAL FUNCTION THIS TURN HELPS BETTER UNDERSTAND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING AUTISM RISK PARENT-SUPPORTED PROGRAM AUTISM SPEAKS AUTISM TISSUE PROGRAM DEDICATED FURTHERING SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING AUTISM AUTISM RELATED DISORDERS HUMAN BRAIN MAKES BRAIN TISSUE AVAILABLE MANY QUALIFIED SCIENTISTS POSSIBLE ADVANCE AUTISM RESEARCH UNRAVEL MYSTERIES THIS RELATED NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS MORE INFORMATION OPPORTUNITIES FAMILY REGISTRATION 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