Seed Words for KANUAL
WORLD LANGUAGEFROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA THIS LATEST ACCEPTED REVISION ACCEPTED JANUARY JUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH WORLD LANGUAGE LANGUAGE SPOKEN INTERNATIONALLY WHICH LEARNED MANY PEOPLE SECOND LANGUAGE WORLD LANGUAGE ONLY CHARACTERIZED NUMBER SPEAKERS NATIVE SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS ALSO GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS THIS RESPECT MAJOR WORLD LANGUAGES DOMINATED LANGUAGES EUROPEAN ORIGIN HISTORICAL REASON THIS PERIOD EUROPEAN COLONIALISM INTERNATIONAL PROMINENCE ARABIC HISTORICAL REASON MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC CONQUESTS SUBSEQUENT ARABIZATION MIDDLE EAST ALSO EXISTS LITURGICAL LANGUAGE AMONGST MUSLIM COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE ARAB WORLD STANDARD CHINESE DIRECT REPLACEMENT CLASSICAL CHINESE WHICH IMPORTANT HISTORICAL LINGUA FRANCA EAST ASIA UNTIL EARLY CENTURY TODAY SERVES FUNCTION PROVIDING COMMON SPOKEN LANGUAGE BETWEEN SPEAKERS DIFFERENT MUTUALLY UNINTELLIGIBLE CHINESE SPOKEN LANGUAGES ONLY WITHIN CHINA PROPER BETWEEN CHINESE OTHER UNRELATED ETHNIC GROUPS OVERSEAS CHINESE COMMUNITIES WELL BEING WIDELY TAUGHT SECOND LANGUAGE INTERNATIONALLY RUSSIAN USED RUSSIAN EMPIRE SOVIET UNION TODAY WIDELY UNDERSTOOD AREAS CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE NORTHERN CENTRAL ASIA WHICH WERE FORMERLY PART SOVIET UNION FORMER SOVIET BLOC REMAINS LINGUA FRANCA COMMONWEALTH INDEPENDENT STATES GERMAN SERVED LINGUA FRANCA LARGE PORTIONS EUROPE CENTURIES MAINLY HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE LATER AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE REMAINS IMPORTANT SECOND LANGUAGE MUCH CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY OTHER MAJOR LANGUAGES WIDELY USED ACROSS SEVERAL CONTINENTS HAVE INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE LINGUA FRANCA HISTORICAL EMPIRE THESE INCLUDE GREEK HELLENISTIC WORLD AFTER CONQUESTS ALEXANDER GREAT TERRITORIES BYZANTINE EMPIRE LATIN ROMAN EMPIRE PREVIOUSLY STANDARD LITURGICAL LANGUAGE CATHOLIC FAITHFUL WORLDWIDE CLASSICAL CHINESE EAST ASIA DURING IMPERIAL CHINESE HISTORY PERSIAN FARSI KNOWN PERSIAN LANGUAGE DURING ANCIENT MEDIEVAL INCARNATIONS VARIOUS SUCCEEDING PERSIAN EMPIRES ONCE SERVED SECOND LINGUA FRANCA ISLAMIC WORLD AFTER ARABIC SANSKRIT DURING ANCIENT MEDIEVAL HISTORICAL PERIODS VARIOUS STATES SOUTH ASIA SOUTHEAST ASIA CENTRAL ASIA LIKE LATIN IMPORTANT LITURGICAL LANGUAGE VEDIC RELIGIONS MAJOR LANGUAGES INDIAN SUBCONTINENT HAVE NUMBERS SPEAKERS COMPARABLE THOSE MAJOR WORLD LANGUAGES PRIMARILY LARGE POPULATION REGION RATHER THAN SUPRA-REGIONAL THESE LANGUAGES ALTHOUGH HINDUSTANI INCLUDING HINDI DIALECTS URDU LESSER EXTENT TAMIL FULFILL CRITERIA TERMS SUPRA-REGIONAL USAGE INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION EXAMPLE NATIVE SPEAKING POPULATION BENGALI VASTLY OUTNUMBER THOSE SPEAK FRENCH FIRST LANGUAGE MOST SPOKEN LANGUAGES RANKING FIFTH SIXTH WORLD WITH NEARLY MILLION TOTAL SPEAKERS KNOWN LONG RICH LITERARY TRADITION HOWEVER WHILE FRENCH SPOKEN INTERCONTINENTALLY INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED HIGH LINGUISTIC PRESTIGE USED DIPLOMATIC LANGUAGE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE WELL HAVING SIGNIFICANT PORTION SECOND LANGUAGE SPEAKERS THROUGHOUT WORLD OVERWHELMING MAJORITY BENGALI SPEAKERS NATIVE BENGALI PEOPLE WITH LITTLE INFLUENCE OUTSIDE REGIONALLY LIMITED SPRACHRAUM LANGUAGE SPACE CONTENTS HIDE HISTORY LIVING WORLD LANGUAGES OTHER SUPRA-REGIONAL LANGUAGES ALSO NOTES REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT HISTORYHISTORICAL WORLD LANGUAGES INCLUDE SUMERIAN AKKADIAN ARAMAIC KOINE GREEK LATIN ARABIC SANSKRIT CHINESE SPANISH PORTUGUESE DUTCH ENGLISH FRENCH RUSSIAN ROMANCE LANGUAGES BEAR TESTIMONY ROLE LATIN LINGUA FRANCA ROMAN EMPIRE KOINE GREEK WORLD LANGUAGE HELLENISTIC PERIOD DISTRIBUTION REFLECTED DISTRIBUTION MODERN GREEK LINGUISTIC IMPACT SLAVIC ARABIC TURKIC EXPANSIONS DISTRIBUTION TURKIC LANGUAGES TURN LEGACY TURKIC KHAGANATE JUST LIVING WORLD LANGUAGES THEIR STATUS HISTORICAL IMPERIALISM SUGGESTION GIVEN LANGUAGE WORLD LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE STRONG POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS THUS RUSSIAN DECLARED WORLD LANGUAGE INTERNATIONALISM SOVIET LITERATURE WHICH SAME TIME DENOUNCED FRENCH LANGUAGE FANCY COURTIERS ENGLISH JARGON TRADERS NUMBER INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGES HAVE BEEN INTRODUCED PROSPECTIVE WORLD LANGUAGES MOST SUCCESSFUL THEM BEING ESPERANTO NONE THEM CLAIM STATUS LIVING WORLD LANGUAGE MANY NATURAL LANGUAGES HAVE BEEN PROFFERED CANDIDATES GLOBAL LINGUA FRANCA INCLUDING ITALIAN DUTCH HUNGARIAN GERMAN MALAY CITATION NEEDED EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE KOINE GREEK WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE VULGAR LATIN LATIN EUROPE TURKIC KHAGANATE TURKIC LANGUAGES EDIT LIVING WORLD LANGUAGESSOME SOURCES DEFINE LIVING WORLD LANGUAGE HAVING FOLLOWING PROPERTIES LARGE NUMBER SPEAKERS SUBSTANTIAL FRACTION NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS FUNCTION LINGUA FRANCA OFFICIAL STATUS SEVERAL COUNTRIES LINGUISTIC COMMUNITY DEFINED STRICTLY ALONG ETHNIC LINES MULTIETHNIC PLURICENTRIC LANGUAGE MORE STANDARD REGISTERS WHICH WIDELY TAUGHT FOREIGN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION WITH LINGUISTIC PRESTIGE INTERNATIONAL TRADE RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ACADEMIC COMMUNITY SIGNIFICANT BODY LITERATURE WORLD LANGUAGES STRICTEST SENSE LANGUAGE NATIVE SPEAKERS TOTAL SPEAKERS OFFICIAL STATUS DISTRIBUTION OFFICIAL STATUS MAPS ENGLISH ANGLOSPHERE FRENCH FRANCOPHONE ARABIC ARAB WORLD SPANISH CASTILIAN HISPANOSPHERE RUSSIAN RUSSOPHONE PORTUGUESE LUSOPHONE OTHER SOURCES DENOTE FOLLOWING LANGUAGES WORLD LANGUAGES WHILST STRICTER SOURCES LIST THEM SUPRA-REGIONAL LANGUAGES LANGUAGE NATIVE SPEAKERS TOTAL SPEAKERS OFFICIAL STATUS DISTRIBUTION OFFICIAL STATUS MAPS CHINESE SINOSPHERE HINDUSTANI INDIAN SUBCONTINENT EDIT OTHER SUPRA-REGIONAL LANGUAGESFURTHER INFORMATION LINGUA FRANCA OTHER LANGUAGES SUPRA-REGIONAL IMPORTANCE WHICH FAIL SOME OTHER CRITERIA CONSIDERED FACTO WORLD LANGUAGES INCLUDE LANGUAGE NATIVE SPEAKERS TOTAL SPEAKERS OFFICIAL STATUS DISTRIBUTION OFFICIAL STATUS MAPS GERMAN GERMAN-SPEAKING EUROPE MALAY INDONESIAN MALAY ARCHIPELAGO PERSIAN GREATER IRAN ITALIAN ITALY DUTCH AFRIKAANS DUTCH-SPEAKING WORLD SWAHILI EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES WITH NUMBER SPEAKERS EXCESS MILLION JAPANESE BENGALI LISTED ALTHOUGH CONSIDERED SOME MOST INTERNATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT LANGUAGES ALONG WITH LISTED WORLD LANGUAGES THEY CONSIDERED WORLD LANGUAGES JAPAN EXAMPLE ALMOST ETHNICALLY CULTURALLY LINGUISTICALLY HOMOGENEOUS THUS JAPANESE DOES HAVE MUCH HISTORY LINGUA FRANCA AMONGST COMMUNITIES SHARE MOTHER TONGUE FIRST LANGUAGE THEIR OVERSEAS COMMUNITIES STRONGLY TIED ETHNICITY BENGALI WIDELY TAUGHT FOREIGN LANGUAGE JAPANESE WHERE INTERNATIONAL INTEREST SINCE HAVE PROMPTED MANY MAJOR UNIVERSITIES WELL NUMBER SECONDARY EVEN PRIMARY SCHOOLS WORLDWIDE OFFER COURSES LANGUAGE LEAST PRESENT THESE LANGUAGES EXERT REGIONALLY LIMITED SPHERE INFLUENCE EDIT ALSOLIST LANGUAGES NUMBER SPEAKERS ETHNOLOGUE LIST MOST SPOKEN LANGUAGES NATIONAL LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE LINGUA FRANCA INTERNATIONAL ENGLISH WORLD RELIGION WORLD POPULATION WORLD ECONOMY WORLD ENGLISHES INTERCONTINENTAL INTERNATIONAL AUXILIARY LANGUAGE EDIT NOTES FISCHER VERLAG WELTALMANACH STICHWORT WELTSPRACHEN BAKER JONES ENCYCLOPEDIA BILINGUALISM BILINGUAL EDUCATION SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR ISLAM RELIGION HISTORY CIVILIZATION HARPERCOLLINS PUBLISHED STATISTICAL SUMMARIES ETHNOLOGUE HTTP ETHNOLOGUE ETHNO DOCS DISTRIBUTION COUNTRY RETRIEVED LANGUAGES SPOKEN MORE THAN MILLION PEOPLE LANGUAGES SPOKEN MORE THAN MILLION PEOPLE MICROSOFT ENCARTA HTTP ENCARTA MEDIA LANGUAGES SPOKEN MORE THAN MILLION PEOPLE HTML RETRIEVED DEAD LINK ULRICH AMMON STATUS FUNCTION LANGUAGES LANGUAGE VARIETIES MAZRUI WORLD FEDERATION CULTURES AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE ETHNOLOGUE STATISTICAL SUMMARIES WORLD-WIDE ENGLISH ETHNOLOGUE FRANCOPHONIE INSTITUTO INTERNACIONAL LíNGUA PORTUGUESA PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC CHINA CITE NOTE-UNPOP- FIGURES BASED CENSUS INDIA THEY HIGHLY UNRELIABLE HUGE POPULATION GROWTH AREA WORLD'S MOST INFLUENTIAL LANGUAGES EDIT REFERENCESCHRISTIAN MAIR POLITICS ENGLISH WORLD LANGUAGE ISBN MARIO LANGUAGE WORLD ISBN ANNE-MARIE MEJíA POWER PRESTIGE BILINGUALISM INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ELITE BILINGUAL EDUCATION ISBN DAVID CRYSTAL ENGLISH GLOBAL LANGUAGE ISBN CLARE MAR-MOLINERO POLITICS LANGUAGE SPANISH-SPEAKING WORLD ISBN GEORGE WEBER WORLD'S MOST INFLUENTIAL LANGUAGES EDIT EXTERNAL LINKSENGLISH 'WORLD LANGUAGE' FORECAST DECEMBER WORLD LANGUAGE MAPS ARTICLE HAVE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE RETRIEVED FROM HTTP WIKIPEDIA WIKI WORLD LANGUAGE CATEGORIES LANGUAGES LANGUAGE POLICY LANGUAGES GEOGRAPHICAL REGION HIDDEN CATEGORIES ARTICLES WITH DEAD EXTERNAL LINKS ARTICLES WITH DEAD EXTERNAL LINKS FROM JANUARY WIKIPEDIA SEMI-PROTECTED PAGES ARTICLES WITH UNSOURCED STATEMENTS ARTICLES WITH UNSOURCED STATEMENTS FROM DECEMBER PERSONAL TOOLS CREATE ACCOUNTNAMESPACES ARTICLEDISCUSSIONVARIANTSVIEWS READVIEW SOURCEVIEW HISTORYACTIONS SEARCH NAVIGATION MAIN PAGECONTENTSFEATURED CONTENTCURRENT EVENTSRANDOM ARTICLEDONATE WIKIPEDIAINTERACTIONHELPABOUT WIKIPEDIACOMMUNITY PORTALRECENT CHANGESCONTACT WIKIPEDIATOOLBOXWHAT LINKS HERERELATED CHANGESUPLOAD FILESPECIAL PAGESPERMANENT LINKCITE THIS PAGE PRINT EXPORTCREATE BOOKDOWNLOAD PDFPRINTABLE VERSION LANGUAGESAFRIKAANSDEUTSCHESPAñOLESPERANTO NEDERLANDS NORSK BOKMåL PORTUGUêS SVENSKA THIS PAGE LAST MODIFIED JANUARY HOME INTERESTING QUESTIONS BORN INTELLIGENT DOES DEVELOP SOCIALLY BORN INTELLIGENT DOES DEVELOP SOCIALLY DESPITE WHAT MANY PEOPLE THINK YOUR SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT ALSO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE DEVELOPMENT YOUR INTELLIGENCE GENIUSES AREN’T ONLY BORN THEY MADE CERTAINLY BORN WITH CERTAIN AMOUNT INTELLIGENCE NEVER ACHIEVE INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES SOMEONE ELSE BORN WITH DIFFERENT GENES EQUALLY POOR SOCIAL NURTURING MEAN THAT NEVER FULL REALISE POTENTIAL YOUR GENES HERITABILITY WIDELY ACCEPTED THAT INTELLIGENCE TRAIT THAT PASSED DOWN THROUGH GENERATIONS DEGREE WHICH INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT DEPENDENT YOUR GENETIC BACKGROUND BEEN EXTENSIVELY RESEARCHED EXAMPLE SEVERAL TRAITS KNOWN PRIMARILY GENETIC SUCH ADULT HEIGHT COLOUR WHEREAS OTHER TRAITS HAVE HERITABILITY MEANING THAT THEY HEAVILY INFLUENCED ENVIRONMENT SUCH DEPRESSION THIS MEASURED SEEING MUCH CERTAIN TRAIT VARIES PEOPLE WITH VERY SIMILAR DIFFERENT GENETIC ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS IDENTICAL TWINS RAISED SEPARATED COMMON METHOD DIFFERENCES THEN ATTRIBUTED ENVIRONMENT FROM THESE STUDIES SHOWN THAT RELATIVELY HIGH HERITABILITY THAT MAJORITY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADULTS EXPLAINED GENETICALLY SCIENTISTS BELIEVES THAT RELEVANT GENES EXPRESS THEMSELVES AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL’S PREDISPOSITION LEARN BUILD DEVELOP MENTAL ABILITIES THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFE THUS BELIEVED THAT GENETICS ACCOUNT YOUR ADULT INTELLIGENCE WITH ENVIRONMENT BEING RESPONSIBLE REMAINING HOWEVER WHAT INTERESTING THAT RESEARCH FOUND ONLY SPECIFIC GENES WHICH HAVE DISTINCT SUBSTANTIAL EFFECT WHICH MEANS THAT INTELLIGENCE PROBABLY RESULT ACTION NUMEROUS GENES THEIR INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI RATHER THAN PRODUCT SPECIFIC “INTELLIGENCE GENE” FACT MANY BELIEVE THAT MUCH GENES CONTRIBUTE OVERALL INTELLIGENCE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DESPITE ROLE THAT GENETIC PLAYS DETERMINING INTELLIGENCE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS HAVE IMPORTANT INFLUENCE FACT RESEARCH SHOWS THAT ASIDE FROM GENES FORMAL EDUCATION EARLY FAMILY ENVIRONMENTS ALSO PLAY CRUCIAL ROLE EVIDENCE SHOWS THAT BABY’S INTELLIGENCE FULLY DEVELOPED BIRTH GRADUALLY EVOLVES CHANGES ESPECIALLY THROUGHOUT EARLY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL YEARS PARENTS ACTUALLY GREATER IMPACT THEIR CHILD’S THAN OTHER PERSON INSTITUTION CHILD’S LIFE INCLUDING SCHOOLS THIS IMPACT GREATEST DURING INFANCY CHILDHOOD EIGHT NINE AFTER WHICH PARENTAL INFLUENCE DIMINISHES THINGS PARENTS IMPROVE THEIR CHILD’S INCLUDE MAINTAINING YOUR EDUCATION GETTING GOOD NUTRITION PRENATAL CARE SPENDING MUCH TIME WITH CHILD POSSIBLE INTERACTING STIMULATING MIND THROUGH READING SHAPES NUMBERS COLOURS EXPOSING CHILD EXPERIENCE OUTSIDE HOME CERTAIN STUDIES HAVE LINKED SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES WITH IMPROVED MENTAL FUNCTION EXAMPLE PIECE RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT MUSICAL TRAINING LEAD DEVELOPMENT HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS PARTICULAR BETTER MATHEMATICAL ABILITY MUSIC BELIEVED ENHANCE BRAIN'S ABILITY VISUALISE TRANSFORM OBJECTS SPACE TIME WELL ‘HARD WIRING' SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REASONING ANOTHER STUDY SHOWED THAT BABIES BROUGHT STIMULATING ENVIRONMENT STARTING FROM WOMB WERE MORE DYNAMIC ALERT CURIOUS WITH GOOD HAND-EYE COORDINATION HIGH SOCIAL SKILLS KEEPING CHALLENGE MANY RESEARCHERS BELIEVE THAT HUMAN ANIMAL BRAINS REMAIN “PLASTIC” THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFETIMES WITH GREAT CAPACITY CHANGE THIS MEANS THAT BRAINS REMAIN STRONGLY INFLUENCED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FACT STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT STIMULATING ENVIRONMENTS INCREASE BRAIN THICKNESS NUMBER NEURONS BRAIN NUMBER CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THESE NEURONS ADDITION PUTTING TEST SUBJECT BACK BORING ENVIRONMENT PRODUCED DECREASE RESPONSES MUCH WITHIN WEEK THIS SUPPORTS ADVICE CONTINUALLY STIMULATE YOUR BRAIN THROUGHOUT YOUR LIFE EVEN AFTER REACHING ADULTHOOD PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT BROAD RANGE INTEREST SKILLS WHICH MENTAL PHYSICAL AESTHETIC SOCIAL EMOTIONAL IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE ALTERNATIVES STANDARD TESTBRAIN MAPPING YOUR INTELLIGENCEHOW BRAIN FUNCTION MEASUREDHOW HUMAN REASONING WORKSHOW INTELLIGENCE MEASUREDINTELLIGENCE GENESIS IQTESTING OBSOLETE THEORIES INTELLIGENCEPERSONALITY PREDICTORS INTELLIGENCEPSYCHOMETRIC TESTING WHAT MEASURESTESTING RATIONAL THOUGHTHANDLING INTELLIGENCE BETTER WAYS YOUR BRAINFAMOUS INTELLIGENT PEOPLEFOSTERING INTELLIGENCE KIDSHEALTHY HABITS IMPROVE MEMORYHOW INTELLIGENCE INFLUENCES DATINGHOW INTELLIGENCE PREDICTS FINANCIAL SUCCESSLEARNING DISABILITIES INTELLIGENCETHE CONTROVERSY OVER RACE INTELLIGENCETIPS IMPROVE YOUR MEMORYWAYS HELP YOUR BRAIN FOCUSWHAT MENSA INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCING INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE IMPROVED DOES DIET PLAY ROLE INTELLIGENCE EFFECTS SLEEP INTELLIGENCEEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE DRUG USEEMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE SELF HARMGENETIC ENGINEERING BOOST INTELLIGENCEHOW BACTERIA IMPROVE INTELLIGENCEHOW INTELLIGENCE INCREASE RISKSHOW WALKING HELPS INTELLIGENCEINCREASING YOUR BABY'S INTELLIGENCEINTELLIGENCE BIRTH ORDERTHE EFFECT INFANT GROWTH INTELLIGENCETRAINING BRAIN REGAIN INTELLIGENCEWAYS IMPROVE INTELLIGENCEINTERESTING QUESTIONS APTITUDE INTELLIGENCEARE BORN INTELLIGENT DOES DEVELOP SOCIALLY SELF ESTEEM INTELLIGENCESMARTER KIDS FROM ACTIVE MUMS USING COMPUTERS INTELLIGENCEWHAT MNEMONIC DEVICES WHAT MEMORY BIAS WHAT SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE SMARTER WOMEN HUMANS MORE INTELLIGENT THAN ANIMALS TYPES INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCEARE INTELLIGENCE MEMORY LINKED INTELLIGENCE MUSICAL MINDSIQ FLYNN EFFECTPETS INTELLIGENCE WHICH BREED BEST PRIMITIVE INTELLIGENCE EVOLUTIONSAVANT SYNDROME INTELLIGENCETHE PHENOMENON GENIUSTHE STUDY ANIMAL INTELLIGENCETHE THEORY MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCESWHAT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WHAT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE WHAT INTELLIGENCE MEASURED WHAT MEASURED SITE INFORMATION ABOUT SITECONTACT USDISCLAIMER NOTICEIP COPYRIGHT NOTICELINK USRSS NEWS FEEDTELL YOUR STORYTERMS PRIVACY NOTICEUSE CONTENTREADERS COMMENTSOUR NEWSLETTER SIGN IT'S FREE WON'T EMAIL MORE THAN ONCE MONTH ALSO ABOUT INTELLIGENCE APTITUDE INTELLIGENCESELF ESTEEM INTELLIGENCESMARTER KIDS FROM ACTIVE MUMS USING COMPUTERS INTELLIGENCECONTACT USSITEMAPABOUT ABOUTINTELLIGENCEHOMEYOU SHOULD SEEK INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL ADVICE BEFORE ACTING UPON INFORMATION ABOUTINTELLIGENCE WEBSITE PLEASE READ DISCLAIMER ABOUTINTELLIGENCE TERMS PRIVACY TEXT AVAILABLE UNDER CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION-SHAREALIKE LICENSE ADDITIONAL TERMS APPLY TERMS DETAILS WIKIPEDIA® REGISTERED TRADEMARK WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION CONTACT PRIVACY POLICYABOUT WIKIPEDIADISCLAIMERS HUNDREDS LANGUAGES THOUSANDS PRODUCTS SHIPPING WORLDWIDE SINCE DOMESTIC SHIPPING FROM VIEW CART BROWSE LANGUAGESALL LANGUAGESARABICBENGALIBULGARIANCAMBODIAN KHMER CANTONESE CHINESE CHINESECROATIANCZECHDANISHDUTCHENGLISHFARSI PERSIAN FINNISHFRENCHGERMANGREEK MODERN GUJARATIHEBREWHINDIHUNGARIANINDONESIANITALIANJAPANESEKOREANLATINMALAYALAMMARATHINORWEGIANPERSIAN FARSI POLISHPORTUGUESEPUNJABIRUSSIANSERBIANSIGN LANGUAGE SPANISHSWEDISHTAGALOGTAMILTELUGUTHAIUKRAINIANURDUVIETNAMESE COUNTRIESALL COUNTRIESAFGHANISTANALBANIAALGERIAARGENTINAAUSTRALIAAZERBAIJANBANGLADESHBELARUSBENINBRAZILBULGARIACAMBODIACANADACHILECHINACOLOMBIACROATIACUBACZECH REPUBLICDENMARKDOMINICAN REPUBLICECUADOREGYPTEL SALVADORETHIOPIAFINLANDFRANCEGABONGAMBIAGEORGIAGERMANYGREECEHUNGARYICELANDINDIAIRANIRAQISRAELITALYJAPANKAZAKHSTANKENYAKOREA NORTH KOREA SOUTH LIBYAMALTAMEXICOMOZAMBIQUENORWAYPAKISTANPHILIPPINESPORTUGALROMANIARUSSIASAUDI ARABIASENEGALSINGAPORESWITZERLANDSYRIATHAILANDTIBETTURKEYUNITED KINGDOMUNITED STATES AMERICAVIETNAMWALESYUGOSLAVIAZIMBABWE SEARCH HOME ABOUT CONTACT ORDER STATUS CHILDREN'S BOOKS CLASSROOM SCHOOLS COMPUTERS NOTEBOOKS DICTIONARY LESSONS GAMES HANDHELD DICTIONARY HARRY POTTER KEYBOARD KEYBOARD STICKERS KIDS LEARN MICROSOFT OFFICE MICROSOFT WINDOWS MOVIES VIDEOS SOFTWARE SOFTWARE WINDOWS SPELL CHECKING TRANSLATION TRAVEL WINDOWS WORD PROCESSING MORE LEARNLEARN LANGUAGESLEARN ARABICLEARN BENGALILEARN BULGARIANLEARN CAMBODIAN KHMER LEARN CANTONESE CHINESE LEARN CHINESELEARN CROATIANLEARN CZECHLEARN DANISHLEARN DUTCHLEARN ENGLISHLEARN FARSI PERSIAN LEARN FINNISHLEARN FRENCHLEARN GERMANLEARN GREEK MODERN LEARN GUJARATILEARN HEBREWLEARN HINDILEARN HUNGARIANLEARN INDONESIANLEARN ITALIANLEARN JAPANESELEARN KOREANLEARN LATINLEARN MALAYALAMLEARN MARATHILEARN NORWEGIANLEARN PERSIAN FARSI LEARN POLISHLEARN PORTUGUESELEARN PUNJABILEARN RUSSIANLEARN SERBIANLEARN SIGN LANGUAGE LEARN SPANISHLEARN SWEDISHLEARN TAGALOGLEARN TAMILLEARN TELUGULEARN THAILEARN UKRAINIANLEARN URDULEARN VIETNAMESE WELCOME WORLDLANGUAGE WORLD LANGUAGE SPECIAL DEALS TALK LEARN BENGALI PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK COMPLETE BASIC COURSE JAPANESE PRICE REGULARLY INFO SPEAK JAPANESE WITH CONFIDENCE JUST WEEKS LIVING LANGUAGE JAPANESE COMPLETE COURSE STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE BASICS JAPANESE CONVERSATION GRAMMAR THIS REVISED COURSE USES HIGHLY EFFECTIVE SPEED-LEARNING METHOD ASTERIX LATIN PRICE REGULARLY INFO JOIN RIOTOUS ADVENTURES ASTERIX BASED UPON COMICBOOK ADVENTURES EVERYONES FAVOURITE GAULISH REBEL THIS EXCELLENT PROGRAM MAKES LANGUAGE LEARNING MEMORABLE RECORD YOURSELF LANGUAGE PRACTICE MAKE MOVIE TALK LEARN PUNJABI PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK WORLD'S BEST SELLING LANGUAGE LEARNING CD-ROM SERIES BEGINNERS BECAUSE GETS RESULTS FAST USED MORE THAN MILLION PEOPLE INNOVATIVE LEARNING METHOD GIVES WORDS WANT HELP TALK LEARN HINDI PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK TALK LEARN HEBREW PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK IDEAL BEGINNERS COMPREHENSIVE ROUGH GUIDE SPAIN PRICE REGULARLY INFO ROUGH GUIDE SPAIN ULTIMATE HANDBOOK EUROPE'S MOST VIBRANT COUNTRIES FEATURES INCLUDE FULL-COLOUR SECTION INTRODUCING SPAIN'S HIGHLIGHTS INFORMED ACCOUNTS SIGHTS FROM BILBAO'S STUNNING TALK LEARN TAGALOG FILIPINO PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK TALK LEARN XHOSA PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK TALK LEARN LATIN PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY TAGALOG ENGLISH STANDARD DICTIONARY PRICE REGULARLY INFO TAGALOG ALSO CALLED PILIPINO NATIONAL LANGUAGE PHILIPPINES REVISED EXPANDED THIS COMPREHENSIVE BILINGUAL DICTIONARY DESIGNED NATIVE TAGALOG SPEAKERS STUDENTS TAGALOG LANGUAGE REVISED EXPANNDED SPEAK ENGLISH LIKE AMERICAN RUSSIANS PRICE REGULARLY INFO BOOK DESIGNED RUSSIANS LIVING UNITED STATES WANT ACHIEVE GREATER FLUENCY CONTAINS OVER TODAY'S MOST COMMONLY USED IDIOMS PHRASES TALK LEARN PAPIAMENTO PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK TALK LEARN ROMANIAN PRICE REGULARLY INFO TALK DESIGNED PEOPLE WANT LEARN LANGUAGE QUICKLY IT'S FAST MAKES LEARNING EASY DON'T HAVE TIME BECOME FLUENT NEED BASICS HURRY TALK KEYBOARD FRENCH ACK- PRICE REGULARLY INFO ELEGANT KEYBOARD WITH COMPATIBILITY ACPI POWER MANAGEMENT KEYS OFFERS FUNCTIONS SLEEP WAKE POWER ELEGANT WRIST COMFORT SUPPORT OPTIONAL READ MORE LEARN LANGUAGES ARABIC BENGALI BULGARIAN CAMBODIAN CANTONESE CHINESE CROATIAN CZECH DANISH DUTCH ENGLISH FARSI PERSIAN FINNISH FRENCH GERMAN GREEK MODERN GUJARATI HEBREW HINDI HUNGARIAN INDONESIAN ITALIAN JAPANESE KOREAN LATIN MALAYALAM MARATHI NORWEGIAN PERSIAN FARSI POLISH PORTUGUESE PUNJABI RUSSIAN SERBIAN SIGN LANGUAGE SPANISH SWEDISH TAGALOG TAMIL TELUGU THAI UKRAINIAN URDU VIETNAMESE WORLD LANGUAGE RESOURCES RIGHTS RESERVED SAWTELLE BLVD SUITE ANGELES HOME ABOUT CONTACT PRIVACY POLICY SITE SECURITY HELP AFFILIATE PROGRAM BROWSE LANGUAGES PRODUCTS COUNTRIES VANGUARD GROUPFROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIA REDIRECTED FROM VANGUARD GROUP JUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH THIS ARTICLE ABOUT COMPANY ANARCHIST GROUP VANGUARD GROUP ANARCHIST VANGUARD TYPE CLIENT OWNED INDUSTRY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT FOUNDED VALLEY FORGE PENNSYLVANIA HEADQUARTERS MALVERN PENNSYLVANIA PEOPLE WILLIAM MCNABB PRESIDENT JOHN BRENNAN CHAIRMAN JOHN BOGLE FOUNDER PRODUCTS MUTUAL FUNDS EXCHANGE-TRADED FUNDS BROKERAGE ASSET MANAGEMENT REVENUE TRILLION JUNE EMPLOYEES WEBSITE VANGUARD VANGUARD GROUP AMERICAN INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT COMPANY THAT MANAGES APPROXIMATELY TRILLION ASSETS BASED MALVERN PENNSYLVANIA OFFERS MUTUAL FUNDS OTHER FINANCIAL PRODUCTS SERVICES INDIVIDUAL INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS UNITED STATES ABROAD FOUNDER FORMER CHAIRMAN JOHN BOGLE CREDITED WITH CREATION FIRST INDEX FUND AVAILABLE INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS POPULARIZATION INDEX FUNDS GENERALLY DRIVING COSTS DOWN ACROSS MUTUAL FUND INDUSTRY VANGUARD UNUSUAL AMONG MUTUAL-FUND COMPANIES SINCE OWNED FUNDS THEMSELVES THIS STRUCTURE EACH FUND CONTRIBUTES AMOUNT CAPITAL TOWARDS SHARED MANAGEMENT MARKETING DISTRIBUTION SERVICES COMPANY SAYS THAT THIS STRUCTURE BETTER ORIENTS MANAGEMENT TOWARDS SHAREHOLDER INTERESTS OTHER MUTUAL-FUND SPONSORS EXPECTED SIMULTANEOUSLY MAKE PROFIT THEIR OUTSIDE OWNERS PROVIDE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE SERVICE FUNDS THEIR SHAREHOLDERS CONTENTS HIDE INDEX FUND PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS EDIT INDEX FUND PHILOSOPHYFOR UNDERGRADUATE THESIS PRINCETON JOHN BOGLE CONDUCTED STUDY WHICH FOUND THAT AROUND THREE QUARTERS MUTUAL FUNDS EARN MORE MONEY THAN THEY INVESTED LARGEST COMPANIES SIMULTANEOUSLY USING STOCK MARKET INDEX BENCHMARK OTHER WORDS THREE FOUR MANAGERS COULD PICK BETTER SPECIFIC WINNERS THAN SOMEONE PASSIVELY HOLDING BASKET LARGEST PUBLIC COMPANIES MANAGERS COULD PICK SPECIFIC STOCKS WHICH WOULD WELL PICKING LARGEST STOCKS ESSENTIALLY DOING WELL RANDOM CHANCE WOULD DICTATE COST THEIR EXPENSES WELL HIGH TAXES INCURRED THROUGH ACTIVE TRADING RESULTED UNDERPERFORMING INDEX EDIT HISTORYAT TIME PROVERBIAL RIPOSTE OBSERVATION THAT MOST FUNDS UNDERPERFORMED COURSE CAN'T INVEST INDEX JOHN BOGLE TRIED CREATE WHICH INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR COULD EFFECTIVELY INVEST INDEX INDEX FUNDS ALREADY EXISTED YEARS WERE ONLY AVAILABLE INSTITUTIONS SUCH PENSION FUNDS HAVING FOUNDED VANGUARD BROKER-SOLD MUTUAL FUND COMPANY QUICKLY TURNED COMPANY INTO NO-LOAD FUND FIRM MEANING THAT BUYER PAYS SALES COMMISSION CALLED LOAD WHEN BUYING SELLING FUND SHARES INTRODUCED FIRST INDEX FUND THIS FIRST INDEX INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS CALLED VANGUARD WHICH INVESTED COMPANIES THAT MADE SINCE OUT-PERFORMED MANY OTHER COMPETING LARGE MUTUAL FUNDS OVER BILLION INVESTED THIS MUTUAL FUND VANGUARD SINCE CREATED OTHER INDEX FUNDS THAT FOCUS STOCKS PARTICULAR INDUSTRIES COUNTRIES COMPANIES VARYING SIZE SUCH SMALL-CAP MID-CAP INDEXES BOGLE RETIRED FROM VANGUARD CHAIRMAN SUCCEEDED JACK BRENNAN AUGUST WILLIAM MCNABB SUCCEEDED JACK BRENNAN VANGUARD'S HAVING SERVED ORGANIZATION'S PRESIDENT SINCE MARCH THAT YEAR SINCE FOUNDING VANGUARD GROWN BECOME WORLD’S LARGEST PURE NO-LOAD MUTUAL FUND COMPANY WHILE MOSTLY KNOWN LOW-COST INDEX FUNDS VANGUARD ALSO OFFERS VARIETY LOW-COST ACTIVELY MANAGED MUTUAL FUNDS LINE EXCHANGE-TRADED FUNDS ORIGINALLY BRANDED VIPERS VANGUARD ALSO PROVIDES BROKERAGE SERVICES VARIABLE FIXED ANNUITIES EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNT SERVICES FINANCIAL PLANNING ASSET MANAGEMENT TRUST SERVICES VANGUARD CONTRACTED MANAGEMENT ACTIVELY MANAGED FUNDS VARIOUS INVESTMENT FIRMS SETS PORTION MANAGEMENT EXPENSES PAID SHAREHOLDERS BASED FUND'S PERFORMANCE OLDEST FUND WELLINGTON FUND FORMED JULY MANAGED WELLINGTON MANAGEMENT COMPANY ALTHOUGH THEIR CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS LOCATED UNITED STATES VANGUARD NUMEROUS OFFICES AROUND WORLD AUSTRALIA ASIA EUROPE EDIT ALSOMONEY MARKET SWEEP ACCOUNT EDIT REFERENCES THIS ARTICLE NEEDS ADDITIONAL CITATIONS VERIFICATION PLEASE HELP IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE ADDING RELIABLE REFERENCES UNSOURCED MATERIAL CHALLENGED REMOVED NOVEMBER HTTPS PERSONAL VANGUARD CONTENT HOME WHYVANGUARD ABOUTVANGUARDWHOWEARECONTENT VANGUARD MARKETING CORP VANGUARD DIFFERENCE ACCESSED NOVEMBER HTTP STANDARDANDPOORS INDEX SPIVA REPORT YEAR-END BUSINESSWEEK VANGUARD GROUP OVERVIEW HTTP BOOKS GOOGLE BOOKS SECLYQR MUTUAL STRUCTURE VANGUARD FOOL INDEX FUNDS INDEX MUTUAL FUNDS INVESTING INDEX FUNDS EDIT EXTERNAL LINKSVANGUARD'S OFFICIAL WEBSITE VANGUARD'S OFFICIAL BLOG DATA YAHOO VANGUARD GROUP COMPANY PROFILE VFINX SUMMARY VANGUARD INDEX TRUST INDEX YAHOO FINANCE SHOW EPHILADELPHIA-AREA CORPORATIONS INCLUDING DELAWARE VALLEY PHILADELPHIA-BASED FORTUNE CORPORATIONS RANK COMCAST SUNOCO CIGNA ARAMARK CROWN HOLDINGS DELAWARE VALLEY-BASED FORTUNE CORPORATIONS RANK COMPANIES LISTED ABOVE PLUS AMERISOURCEBERGEN DUPONT LINCOLN NATIONAL CORPORATION CAMPBELL SOUP CORP SUNGARD UNISYS AIRGAS OTHER NOTABLE PHILADELPHIA-BASED BUSINESSES AMOROSO'S APPLABS BENEFICIAL BANK CROZER KEYSTONE HEALTH SYSTEM BOYS PHILADELPHIA MEDIA NETWORK RADIAN GROUP TASTY BAKING URBAN OUTFITTERS NOTABLE PHILADELPHIA-BASED PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIPS BALLARD SPAHR BLANK ROME COZEN O'CONNOR DECHERT DRINKER BIDDLE REATH DUANE MORRIS MORGAN LEWIS BOCKIUS PEPPER HAMILTON SAUL EWING OTHER NOTABLE DELAWARE VALLEY-BASED BUSINESSES AQUA AMERICA BENTLEY SYSTEMS BRANDYWINE REALTY TRUST BOSCOV'S CARPENTER TECHNOLOGY CORP CEPHALON COMMERCE FORMAN MILLS LIBERTY PROPERTY TRUST POLISH WATER RITA'S ITALIAN VANGUARD VIROPHARMA WAWA WILMINGTON TRUST WSFS BANK NOTABLE DELAWARE VALLEY-BASED HEADQUARTERS FOREIGN BUSINESSES AGUSTAWESTLAND ASTRAZENECA HSBC BANK DIRECT AMERICA SIEMENS MEDICAL SHIRE PHARMACEUTICALS SOVEREIGN BANCORP SUBARU TEVA PHARMACUETICALS BANK NOTABLE DELAWARE VALLEY-BASED DIVISION HEADQUARTERS CORPORATIONS ACME SUPERVALU ALLIEDBARTON PINNACLE FOODS BLACKSTONE KEYSTONE HELICOPTER UNITED TECH CENTOCOR COLONIAL PENN CONSECO DELMARVA POWER PEPCO HOLDINGS HERCULES ASHLAND PAINTS SHERWIN-WILLIAMS MCNEIL LABORATORIES NEOWARE HEWLETT-PACKARD PECO EXELON LIBERTY MEDIA ROHM HAAS CHEMICAL RETRIEVED FROM HTTP WIKIPEDIA WIKI VANGUARD GROUP CATEGORIES COMPANIES ESTABLISHED ESTABLISHMENTS UNITED STATES COMPANIES BASED PENNSYLVANIA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT COMPANIES UNITED STATES MUTUAL FUND FAMILIES ONLINE BROKERAGES HIDDEN CATEGORIES ARTICLES NEEDING ADDITIONAL REFERENCES FROM NOVEMBER ARTICLES NEEDING ADDITIONAL REFERENCESPERSONAL TOOLS CREATE ACCOUNTNAMESPACES ARTICLEDISCUSSIONVARIANTSVIEWS READEDITVIEW HISTORYACTIONS SEARCH NAVIGATION MAIN PAGECONTENTSFEATURED CONTENTCURRENT EVENTSRANDOM ARTICLEDONATE WIKIPEDIAINTERACTIONHELPABOUT WIKIPEDIACOMMUNITY PORTALRECENT CHANGESCONTACT WIKIPEDIATOOLBOXWHAT LINKS HERERELATED CHANGESUPLOAD FILESPECIAL PAGESPERMANENT LINKCITE THIS PAGE PRINT EXPORTCREATE BOOKDOWNLOAD PDFPRINTABLE VERSION LANGUAGESFRANçAIS THIS PAGE LAST MODIFIED JANUARY GLOBAL CITIZENSHIPFROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIAJUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP APPLIES WHOLE WORLD BRING WORLD PEACE CONCEPT CITIZENSHIP GLOBAL LEVEL STRONGLY CONNECTED WITH CONCEPTS GLOBALIZATION COSMOPOLITANISM WORLD CITIZENSHIP RELATED TERM WHICH DISTINGUISHED FROM GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP ALTHOUGH SOME MERGE CONCEPTS CITATION NEEDED VARIOUS IDEAS ABOUT WHAT GLOBAL CITIZEN EXIST GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP DEFINED MORAL ETHICAL DISPOSITION WHICH GUIDE UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS GROUPS LOCAL GLOBAL CONTEXTS REMIND THEM THEIR RELATIVE RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN VARIOUS COMMUNITIES TERM USED PRESIDENT OBAMA SPEECH BERLIN ACCORDING SOME ACCOUNTS CITIZENSHIP MOTIVATED LOCAL INTERESTS LOVE FAMILY COMMUNAL FAIRNESS SELF-INTEREST GLOBAL INTERESTS SENSE UNIVERSAL EQUALITY CONCERN FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN DIGNITY TENETS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP INCLUDE RESPECT FELLOW GLOBAL CITIZENS REGARDLESS RACE RELIGION CREED GIVE RISE UNIVERSAL SYMPATHY BEYOND BARRIERS NATIONALITY THESE SENTIMENTS WERE INITIALLY SUMMARIZED BRITISH AUTHOR PAMPHLETEER REVOLUTIONARY THOMAS PAINE RIGHTS COUNTRY WORLD RELIGION GOOD WHEN TRANSLATED INTO PARTICIPATORY ACTION GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP ENTAILS RESPONSIBILITY REDUCE INTERNATIONAL INEQUALITY BOTH SOCIAL ECONOMIC REFRAIN FROM ACTION WHICH COMPROMISES INDIVIDUALS' WELL-BEING AVOIDS CONTRIBUTING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION WITHIN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM CONCEPT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION TIMES BEGINNING SUPERSEDE MOVEMENTS SUCH MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION PEACE EDUCATION HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION ADDITIONALLY RAPIDLY INCORPORATES REFERENCES AFOREMENTIONED MOVEMENTS CONCEPT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP BEEN LINKED WITH AWARDS OFFERED HELPING HUMANITY INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP REFER STATES' RESPONSIBILITY WITH AWARENESS THAT WORLD GLOBAL COMMUNITY RECOGNIZING FULFILLING OBLIGATIONS TOWARDS GLOBAL WORLD WELL RIGHTS GLOBAL CITIZENS EXAMPLE STATES CHOOSE RECOGNIZE RIGHT FREEDOM MOVEMENT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP RELATED INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY IDEALISM WHICH HOLDS THAT STATES SHOULD INCLUDE LEVEL MORAL GOODWILL THEIR FOREIGN POLICY DECISIONS CONTENTS HIDE ACTIVISM GLOBAL REFORMERS WOMAN TRANSNATIONAL AFFAIRS MANAGERS ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC GLOBAL ORDER REGIONAL POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS TRANS-NATIONAL ACTIVISTS INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ISSUES GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUES CAUSES INFLUENCES CRITICISMS ALSO REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY FURTHER READING EXTERNAL LINKS ACTIVISMMANY CITIZENS COULD LABELED EMERGING GLOBAL CITIZENS ACTIVELY ENGAGED EFFORTS GLOBAL SCALE WHETHER THROUGH BUSINESS VENTURES ENVIRONMENTALISM CONCERN NUCLEAR WEAPONS HEALTH ISSUES IMMIGRATION PROBLEMS PHENOMENON GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP ALSO SUMMARIZED LACK GLOBAL GOVERNING BODY OTHER WORDS GLOBAL CITIZENS SPONTANEOUSLY ERUPTED THEIR VOLITION SOME IDENTIFY BASE GRASSROOTS ACTIVISM COMMON THREAD WITHIN PHENOMENON THEIR EMERGENCE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION PROTEST SEATTLE PAPER ENTITLED GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP TOWARDS DEFINITION SCHOLAR TASO LAGOS WRITES ABOUT RELATION BETWEEN GLOBAL ACTIVISM GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP GLOBAL ACTIVITY RISE DEMONSTRATIONS SEATTLE GENOA DOZENS OTHER SITES BROUGHT ACTIVISTS TOGETHER FROM AROUND WORLD LOCALIZED GLOBAL ISSUES UNPRECEDENTED WAYS THESE OTHER ACTIVITIES SUGGEST POSSIBILITY EMERGING GLOBAL CITIZENRY INDIVIDUALS FROM WIDE VARIETY NATIONS BOTH NORTH SOUTH MOVE ACROSS BOUNDARIES DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES REASONS THIS TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVITY FACILITATED GROWING EASE TRAVEL COMMUNICATION FOSTERED INTERNET TELEPHONY LAGOS CONTINUES LATER VISIBLE EXPRESSION GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP MANY GLOBAL ACTIVISTS DEBUTED SPECTACULARLY BATTLE SEATTLE THESE PROTESTS CONTINUE OTHER VENUES SUCH MEETINGS WORLD BANK MOST RECENTLY SUMMIT AMERICAS QUEBEC CITY OTHER ACTIVISTS FIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION HUMAN RIGHTS IMPOVERISHED UNREPRESENTED RESTRICTIONS NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR WEAPONS FREEDOM FROM BUREAUCRATIC INTERVENTION SEEMS HALLMARK GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP LACK WORLD BODY SANCTION PROTECT THESE CITIZENS ALSO MEANS CERTAIN DEGREE FREEDOM FROM BUREAUCRATIC CONTROL FURTHER ARTICLE LAGOS ELABORATES SCHOLARS HAVE ALREADY NOTED EMERGING POWER STRUGGLE BETWEEN CORPORATIONS GLOBAL ACTIVISTS INCREASINGLY NEXUS FACTO GOVERNANCE TAKING PLACE MORE MORE WITHIN CORPORATE WORLD MEDIATED COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES LIKE INTERNET HALLS REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT HENCE TENDENCY PART ACTIVISTS PROMOTE RALLIES EVENTS LIKE PROTESTS MORE EFFECTIVE MEANS CITIZEN PARTICIPATION DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY ARTICLE ENTITLED MAKING GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP FALK IDENTIFIES FIVE POTENTIAL CATEGORIES GLOBAL CITIZENS DESCRIBES THESE SERIES OVERLAPPING IMAGES WHAT MIGHT MEAN GLOBAL CITIZEN THIS STAGE HISTORY ACCORDING LAGOS MAJORITY FALK'S CATEGORIES HAVE GRASSROOTS ACTIVISM THEIR CORE EXCEPT EXAMPLE ELITE GLOBAL BUSINESS PEOPLE DESCRIPTIONS FIVE CATEGORIES FOLLOWS GLOBAL REFORMERS SUCH CITIZENS FAVOUR SOME FORM CENTRALIZED WORLD GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION ORDER AVOID GLOBAL TURMOIL MAINTAIN SOME FORM UNITY THROUGHOUT WORLD FALK ALSO POINTS TENDENCY REFORMERS FILTER THEIR VISIONS THROUGH CULTURAL POLITICAL OUTLOOK THEIR POLITICAL COMMUNITY THEREBY IMPOSE THEIR FRAMEWORK REST WORLD FALK SUMMARIZES GLOBAL REFORMERS' SPIRIT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP WITH STATEMENT MATTER BEING LOYAL PARTICIPANT BELONGS PARTICULAR POLITICAL COMMUNITY WHETHER CITY STATE FEELING THINKING ACTING SAKE HUMAN SPECIES ABOVE THOSE MOST VULNERABLE DISADVANTAGED WOMAN TRANSNATIONAL AFFAIRSTHIS CATEGORY GLOBAL CITIZENS COULD ALSO DESCRIBED ELITE GLOBAL BUSINESS PEOPLE FALK ALSO POINTS THAT VAST MAJORITY THESE PEOPLE WRITES SECOND UNDERSTANDING GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP FOCUSES UPON IMPACT IDENTITY GLOBALIZATION ECONOMIC FORCES GUIDING IMAGE THAT WORLD BECOMING UNIFIED AROUND COMMON BUSINESS ELITE ELITE THAT SHARES INTERESTS EXPERIENCES COMES HAVE MORE COMMON WITH EACH OTHER THAN DOES WITH MORE ROOTED ETHNICALLY DISTINCT MEMBERS PARTICULAR CIVIL SOCIETY RESULT SEEMS DENATIONALIZED GLOBAL ELITE THAT SAME TIME LACKS GLOBAL CIVIC SENSE RESPONSIBILITY ILLUSTRATE ABOVE IDENTITY FALK RECOUNTS CONVERSATION WITH DANISH BUSINESS LEADER AIRPLANE PRAISED EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY BENEFITS BUSINESS EFFORTS WHEN FALK ASKED WHETHER EXPERIENCES MADE FEEL LESS DANISH MORE EUROPEAN REPLIED GLOBAL CITIZEN MANAGERS ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC GLOBAL ORDERTHIS PERSPECTIVE FOCUSES MORE ENVIRONMENTAL THAT NEEDS ALSO LOOKS ECONOMIC CONCERNS THIS VIEW EXEMPLIFIED BRUNTLAND COMMISSION'S REPORT WHICH STRESS SHARED DESTINY EARTH WHOLE HUMAN SPECIES ARGUES THAT UNPRECEDENTED FORMS COOPERATION AMONG STATES HEIGHTENED SENSE URGENCY STATES WILL REQUIRED ENSURE SUSTAINABILITY INDUSTRIAL CIVILIZATION THIS PERSPECTIVE OFTEN CONCERNED WITH MAKING PLANET SUSTAINABLE CURRENT MIDDLE-CLASS LIFESTYLES REGIONAL POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESSWITHIN EUROPE BIRTHPLACE MODERN STATE EURO-FEDERAL PROCESS CREATING SUFFICIENT STRUCTURE BEYOND STATE THAT BECOMES NECESSARY MERELY ASPIRATIONAL DEPICT KIND POLITICAL COMMUNITY EMERGENT ALTHOUGH WITH FEATURES THAT STILL FROM DISTINCT COMPLETE FALK ASKS EUROPE FORGE IDEOLOGICAL NORMATIVE IDENTITY THAT BECOMES MORE THAN STRATEGY GAIN BIGGER PIECE WORLD ECONOMIC EUROPE BECOME BEARER VALUES THAT DIRECTLY RELATED CREATING MORE PEACEFUL JUST WORLD TRANS-NATIONAL ACTIVISTSAMNESTY INTERNATIONAL GREENPEACE EXAMPLES TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM PART BECAUSE THEY TRANSCEND NATIONAL BOUNDARIES FALK WRITES EMERGENCE TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM REAL ARENA POLITICS LONGER UNDERSTOOD ACTING OPPOSITION WITHIN PARTICULAR STATE RELATION SOCIETY STATE CONSISTED MORE MORE ACTING PROMOTE CERTAIN KIND POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS TRANSNATIONALLY THAT COULD RADIATE INFLUENCE VARIETY DIRECTIONS INCLUDING BOUNCING BACK POINT ORIGIN THIS KIND ACTIVISM BECAME IMPORTANT SOCIAL MOVEMENTS DURING FALK ALSO EMPHASIZES THAT THIS TRANSNATIONAL GRASSROOTS SURGE MEANS JUST NORTHERN PHENOMENON ALSO GLOBAL CITIZENS MOVEMENT INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ISSUESGLOBAL CITIZENSHIP QUALITATIVELY DIFFERENT FROM NATIONAL VARIETY WHERE RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS CAME EVEN WHEN FOUGHT PROTESTED BEHEST GENEROSITY STATE WITH GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP INDIVIDUALS EXERCISE ORGANIZATIONAL TOOLS SUCH INTERNET MAKE THEMSELVES GLOBAL CITIZENS GOVERNMENT SANCTIONED THIS DEVELOPMENT SINCE JANUARY NEGOTIATIONS AMONGST MEMBER STATES REGARDING MOVEMENT PROFESSIONALS FROM MEMBER COUNTRIES TAKEN PLACE UNDER GENERAL AGREEMENT TRADE SERVICES ARTICLE WHILE THIS DOES SIGNAL FACTO RECOGNITION TRANS-NATIONAL CITIZENS INDICATE HALTING STEPS TOWARD THIS MORE SIGNIFICANT GIVEN THAT AROUND GLOBE THERE GREATER EASIER MOVEMENT GOODS THAN HUMAN BEINGS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY TAKEN HALTING STEPS CHANGE THIS ALLOWS FREE MOVEMENT PEOPLE LIVE WORK TAXES SIGNIFICANTLY VOTE OTHER MEMBER STATES HABERMAS NOTES THIS UTILITARIAN MODEL THAT HAVE GREATER IMPLICATIONS THAN MERELY EUROPEANS POSSIBLE MODEL EXPANDED OTHER REGIONS WORLD ENTIRE WORLD ITSELF ABILITY SPANIARD PICK MOVE GERMANY “CITIZEN” THERE INDICATES THAT NOTIONS TIES COUNTRY ORIGIN WEAKEN SPANIARD QUITE HAPPY LIVING GERMANY WISH BACK SPAIN THERE ALSO RISING TIDE INDIVIDUALS WITH MORE THAN PASSPORT WHERE ONCE STATE DEPARTMENT FROWNED CITIZENS CARRYING MORE THAN PASSPORT REALITY THAT TODAY TURNING BLIND THIS CHANGE MANY IMMIGRANTS DECADE THAT LARGEST INFLUX NEWCOMERS STATE CAME WORK STILL RETAINED THEIR PASSPORTS WHILE MANY IMMIGRANTS PERMANENTLY STAY MANY OTHERS EITHER BACK COUNTRY TRAVEL BACK FORTH SUCH PEOPLE CONSIDERED GLOBAL CITIZENS JACOBSON NOTED THIS FRACTURE STATE DISPENSER CITIZEN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS ALTHOUGH SEES DECLINE OVERALL CITIZENSHIP RESULT KECK SIKKINK OTHER HAND REGARD SUCH GLOBAL ACTIVISM POSSIBLE ENGINE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT THESE GLOBAL ACTIVISTS “COSMOPOLITAN COMMUNITY INDIVIDUALS” THEY CALL THEM TRANSCEND NATIONAL BORDERS SKILLFULLY PRESSURE TACTICS AGAINST BOTH GOVERNMENT PRIVATE CORPORATIONS THAT MAKE THEM VIABLE ACTORS EMERGING GLOBAL PUBLIC SPHERE STRIKING EXAMPLE THIS PRESSURE ANTI-SWEATSHOP CAMPAIGN AGAINST NIKE LITERALLY DOZENS WEBSITES DEVOTED EXPOSING NIKE’S LABOR PRACTICES WITH GLOBAL EXCHANGE HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATION THAT LATER HELPED ORGANIZE BATTLE SEATTLE NIKE’S LABOR PRACTICES BECAME SUBJECT INCREASING MAINSTREAM MEDIA ATTENTION PROCESS NIKE LINKED SWEATSHOP LABOR LABEL TRIED SHED EVER SINCE INTERNET OTHER TECHNOLOGIES SUCH CELL PHONE PLAY INSTRUMENTAL ROLE DEVELOPMENT GLOBAL ACTIVISTS DOES CHEAPER TRAVEL WIDE ACCEPTANCE CREDIT CARDS THERE OTHER FORCES WORK DECLINE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT RISE LIFESTYLE POLITICS HOMOGENIZATION PRODUCTS CONGLOMERATION MEDIA SYSTEMS COMMUNICATION TOOLS THAT KNOW MORE ABOUT EACH OTHER THAN EVER BEFORE RISING CONCERN UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS TRANS-GLOBAL PROBLEMS SUCH ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION GLOBAL WARMING RESULT LANDSCAPE THAT TENDS MORE GLOBAL THAN NATIONAL THIS FIRST TIME HISTORY CIVILIZATION THAT SOCIETY BEEN “INTERNATIONALIZED” NEVER BEEN EASIER AVERAGE CITIZENS EXPRESS THEMSELVES THIS GLOBALIZED FASHION CLOTHES THEY WEAR SODA THEY DRINK MUSIC THEY LISTEN WORLD MUSIC VACATION LAND THEY VISIT INCREASINGLY OBVIOUS THAT IDENTITIES SERVAES SCAMMELL SUGGEST TIED ROLES CITIZENS SCAMMELL’S “CITIZEN-CONSUMERS” VOTE WITH THEIR PURCHASES ENGAGED THEIR COMMUNITIES EXTENT THEY HAVE FREEDOM SHOP GEOGRAPHICAL ISSUESGLOBAL CITIZENS REDEFINE TIES BETWEEN CIVIC ENGAGEMENT GEOGRAPHY TOWN HALL MEETINGS ENGLAND OTHER REGIONS SEEM INCREASINGLY SUPPLANTED “ELECTRONIC SPHERES” LIMITED SPACE TIME THIS HERALDS POTENTIALLY STARTLING MECHANISM PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY ABSENTEE BALLOTS OPENED EXPATRIATES VOTE WHILE LIVING ANOTHER COUNTRY INTERNET CARRY THIS SEVERAL STEPS FURTHER VOTING LIMITED TIME SPACE ANYWHERE WORLD STILL MAKE VOTING DECISIONS BACK HOME MOST HISTORY BEEN BOUND EQUATING GEOGRAPHY WITH SOVEREIGNTY MATTER WHERE LIVED WORKED PLAYED SINCE TRAVEL EXPENSIVE CUMBERSOME LIVES WERE TIED GEOGRAPHY LONGER ENTIRELY MAKE THIS CLAIM THOMPSON WRITING STANFORD REVIEW SUGGESTS THAT AWAY WITH RESIDENCY VOTING LOCAL ELECTIONS FRUG EVEN SUGGESTS THAT ALIENATION REGARD GEOGRAPHY ALREADY CREATES DISCONNECT BETWEEN SOVEREIGNTY ENTIRELY “HOME” HOME BOUNDARIES MAKE DIFFERENCE ANYMORE THIS JUST ACADEMIC QUESTION RIFE WITH RICH DISHEARTENING SOCIAL POLITICAL POSSIBILITIES GLOBAL CITIZENS FLOAT WITHIN OUTSIDE THROUGH THESE BOUNDARIES IMPLICATIONS SEEM SIGNIFICANT CAUSES INFLUENCESMANY ELEMENTS SEEM SPAWN GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP NOTEWORTHY CONTINUOUS TENSION THAT GLOBALIZATION UNLEASHED BETWEEN LOCAL NATIONAL GLOBAL FORCES INTERESTING PARADOX GLOBALIZATION WHILE WORLD BEING INTERNATIONALIZED SAME TIME IT’S ALSO BEING LOCALIZED WORLD SHRINKS LOCAL COMMUNITY VILLAGE TOWN CITY TAKES GREATER GREATER IMPORTANCE MOSCO NOTED THIS FEATURE GROWING IMPORTANCE TECHNOPOLES HIGHLY-TECHNOLOGIZED CITY-STATES THAT HARK BACK CLASSICAL GREECE THIS TREND TRUE THEN SEEMS GLOBAL CITIZENS GLUE THAT HOLD THESE SEPARATE ENTITIES TOGETHER ANOTHER GLOBAL CITIZENS PEOPLE THAT TRAVEL WITHIN THESE VARIOUS BOUNDARIES SOMEHOW STILL MAKE SENSE WORLD RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS ACCORDED GLOBAL CITIZEN COME FROM CITIZENS THEMSELVES GROWING PUBLIC FAVOR “UNIVERSAL RIGHTS RISE PEOPLE MIGRATING AROUND WORLD INCREASING TENDENCY STANDARDIZE CITIZENSHIP DIFFERENCE EXIST CULTURAL LEVEL BUREAUCRACIES INCREASING FAVOR PLACED UNIFORMITY EFFICIENCY UTILITARIANISM CORE CAPITALISM NATURALLY WORLD THAT LIVES UNDER AEGIS REPLICATES THESE TENDENCIES POSTAL AGREEMENTS CIVIL TRAVEL OTHER INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS SMALL EXAMPLE STANDARDIZATION THAT INCREASINGLY MOVING INTO ARENA CITIZENSHIP CONCERN RAISED THAT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP CLOSER “CONSUMER” MODEL THAN LEGAL LACK WORLD BODY PUTS INITIATIVE UPON GLOBAL CITIZENS THEMSELVES CREATE RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS THEY AROSE FORMATION NATION-STATES RIGHT VOTE OBLIGATION SERVE TIME VERGE BEING EXPANDED CONCEPTS THAT ACCORD CERTAIN “HUMAN RIGHTS” WHICH AROSE CENTURY INCREASINGLY BEING UNIVERSALIZED ACROSS NATIONS GOVERNMENTS THIS RESULT MANY FACTORS INCLUDING UNIVERSAL DECLARATION HUMAN RIGHTS UNITED NATIONS AFTERMATH WORLD HOLOCAUST GROWING SENTIMENTS TOWARDS LEGITIMIZING MARGINALIZED PEOPLES PRE-INDUSTRIALIZED PEOPLES FOUND JUNGLES BRAZIL BORNEO COUPLE THIS WITH GROWING AWARENESS IMPACT ENVIRONMENT THERE RISING FEELING THAT CITIZEN RIGHTS EXTEND INCLUDE RIGHT DIGNITY SELF-DETERMINATION NATIONAL CITIZENSHIP DOES FOSTER THESE RIGHTS THEN GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP SEEM MORE ACCESSIBLE CANNOT OVERESTIMATE IMPORTANCE HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSE SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION WHAT RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS HUMAN BEINGS TRAPPED CONFLICTS INCARCERATED PART ETHNIC CLEANSING EQUALLY STRIKING PRE-INDUSTRIALIZED TRIBES NEWLY DISCOVERED SCIENTISTS LIVING DEPTHS DENSE JUNGLE LEARY HEATER BABCOCK TEND EQUATE THESE RIGHTS WITH RISE GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP NORMATIVE ASSOCIATIONS INDICATING NATIONAL CITIZENSHIP MODEL THAT MORE CLOSED GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP THAT MORE FLEXIBLE INCLUSIVE TRUE THIS PLACES STRAIN RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIONAL GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP BOLI TENDS THIS STRAIN MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL WHEREAS LEARY MCNEELY REGARD RUPTURE BETWEEN SYSTEMS MERELY EVOLUTIONARY RATHER THAN COMBATIVE LIKE MUCH SOCIAL CHANGE CHANGING SCOPES MODERN CITIZENSHIP TEND PLAYED BOTH LARGE MINUTE SPHERES HABERMAS TENDS PLACE GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP LARGER SOCIAL CONTEXT ARGUING THAT NATIONS CENTRAL ENGINES CITIZENSHIP CULTURE ALSO POWERFUL REGARDS FORMATION “EUROPEAN CITIZEN” KIND NATURAL EPIPHANY GOVERNMENTAL CONGLOMERATION WITHIN FORCES GLOBALIZATION ONLY REMOTELY ALLUDING CORPORATE CONGLOMERATION THAT BEEN BOTH RECIPIENT CAUSE WORLDWIDE ECONOMIC EXPANSION OTHERS INCLUDING IYER GLOBALIZATION GLOBAL CITIZENS DIRECT DESCENDANTS GLOBAL STANDARDIZATION WHICH NOTES INSTANCE GROWING HOMOGENEITY AIRPORTS STANDARDIZATION MODERNITY HAVE WORKED TOGETHER PAST CENTURIES ELLUL MUMFORD OTHER SCHOLARS ATTACK THIS FORM OPPRESSION SAME VEIN THAT BARBER PROLIFERATION CARBON-COPY FAST-FOOD CHAINS AROUND GLOBE BASIC CITIZEN RIGHTS FOLLOWED WORLD OVER GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP INDIRECT RESULT AMERICANA CENTURY WELL TIME DOMINATED UNITED STATES AMERICA’S DOMINATION WORLD BANK OTHER GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS CREATES FEELINGS IMPERIALISM AMONG SMALLER NATIONS CROSS NATIONAL COOPERATION COUNTER AMERICAN DOMINANCE RESULT MORE GLOBAL CITIZENS ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICAL SOCIAL FACTORS PUSH TOWARDS MORE GLOBAL CITIZENRY MUST ALSO WITHIN THIS CAMP CONSIDER RAMIFICATIONS POST COLD WORLD REALPOLITIK CRITICISMSNOT INTERPRETATIONS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP POSITIVE EXAMPLE PAREKH ADVOCATES WHAT CALLS GLOBALLY ORIENTED CITIZENSHIP STATES GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP MEANS BEING CITIZEN WORLD NEITHER PRACTICABLE DESIRABLE ARGUES THAT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP DEFINED ACTUAL MEMBERSHIP TYPE WORLDWIDE GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IMPRACTICAL DISLOCATED FROM ONE'S IMMEDIATE COMMUNITY ALSO NOTES THAT SUCH WORLD STATE WOULD INEVITABLY REMOTE BUREAUCRATIC OPPRESSIVE CULTURALLY BLAND PAREKH PRESENTS ALTERNATE OPTION WITH STATEMENT SINCE CONDITIONS LIFE FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS DISTANT PARTS WORLD SHOULD MATTER DEEP MORAL POLITICAL CONCERN CITIZENSHIP INESCAPABLE GLOBAL DIMENSION SHOULD BECOME WHAT MIGHT CALL GLOBALLY ORIENTED CITIZEN PAREKH'S CONCEPT GLOBALLY ORIENTED CITIZENSHIP CONSISTS IDENTIFYING WITH STRENGTHENING TIES TOWARDS ONE'S POLITICAL REGIONAL COMMUNITY WHETHER CURRENT STATE IMPROVED REVISED FORM WHILE RECOGNIZING ACTING UPON OBLIGATIONS TOWARDS OTHERS REST WORLD ANOTHER EXAMPLE MICHAEL BYERS PROFESSOR POLITICAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITY BRITISH COLUMBIA QUESTIONS ASSUMPTION THAT THERE DEFINITION GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP UNPACKS ASPECTS POTENTIAL DEFINITIONS INTRODUCTION PUBLIC LECTURE INTERNALIZATION WEBSITE STATES 'GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP' REMAINS UNDEFINED WHAT ANYTHING DOES REALLY MEAN GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP JUST LATEST BUZZWORD BYERS NOTES EXISTENCE STATELESS PERSONS WHOM REMARKS OUGHT PRIMARY CANDIDATES GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP CONTINUE LIVE WITHOUT ACCESS BASIC FREEDOMS CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS BYERS DOES OPPOSE CONCEPT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP HOWEVER CRITICIZES POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS TERM DEPENDING ONE'S DEFINITION SUCH ONES THAT PROVIDE SUPPORT RUTHLESSLY CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM THAT DOMINATES PLANET BYERS STATES THAT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP POWERFUL TERM BECAUSE PEOPLE THAT INVOKE PROVOKE JUSTIFY ACTION ENCOURAGES ATTENDEES LECTURE RE-APPROPRIATE ORDER MEANING HAVE POSITIVE PURPOSE BASED IDEALISTIC VALUES CONTRAST QUESTIONING DEFINITIONS COUNTER-CRITICISM FOUND WORLD ALLIANCE YMCA'S WEBSITE ONLINE ARTICLE YMYCA WORLD EMPHASIZES IMPORTANCE FOSTERING GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP GLOBAL SOCIAL JUSTICE STATES GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP MIGHT SOUND LIKE VAGUE CONCEPT ACADEMICS FACT IT’S VERY PRACTICAL LOOKING WORLD WHICH ANYONE GIVEN OPPORTUNITY RELATE AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGES POSITIVE NEGATIVE OUTLOOKS TOWARDS GLOBALIZATION STATES CONTEXT GLOBALISATION THINKING ACTING GLOBAL CITIZENS IMMENSELY IMPORTANT BRING REAL BENEFITS YMCA EXPERIENCE SHOWS ALSOGLOBAL CITIZENS MOVEMENT GLOBAL CIVICS REFERENCES BYERS FALK RICHARD BENJAMIN JULY OBAMA QUOTES GUIDE GLOBAL NOBEL JOURNEY HUFFINGTON POST HTTP HUFFINGTONPOST RICHARD-M-BENJAMIN TOP- -OBAMA-QUOTES-GUIDE HTML RETRIEVED BURDENS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP CONTINUE BIND TOGETHER PARTNERSHIP AMONG NATIONS CHOICE ONLY PROTECT COMMON SECURITY ADVANCE COMMON HUMANITY --SENATOR OBAMA WORLD THAT STANDS TIERGARTEN BERLIN GERMANY JULY MIKE ALLEN OBAMA PROMISES 'REMAKE WORLD' NEWS HTTP CBSNEWS STORIES POLITICS POLITICO MAIN SHTML RETRIEVED ADDRESSING TENS THOUSANDS ELATED EUROPEANS MASSED BERLIN TWILIGHT PRESUMPTIVE DEMOCRATIC NOMINEE BARACK OBAMA PROMISED THURSDAY THAT WOULD WORK UNITE CHRISTIANS MUSLIMS JEWS SAFER MORE UNITED WORLD -MINUTE SPEECH GOLD-TOPPED VICTORY COLUMN INTERRUPTED APPLAUSE LEAST TIMES WITH OCCASIONAL AUDIENCE CHANTS “O-BA-MA BILLED SPEECH ABOUT TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS TURNED MANIFESTO PLANET WITH APPEAL “THE BURDENS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP BERNSTEIN RICHARD FOUNDING FATHERS RECONSIDERED OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS ISBN HTTP BOOKS GOOGLE NBGC BERNSTEIN FOUNDING FATHERS PAINE ONEPAGE BERNSTEIN FOUNDING FATHERS PAINE RETRIEVED SEPTEMBER THOMAS PAINE THESE TIMES THAT MEN'S SOULS USHISTORY RETRIEVED JULY THOMAS PAINE RIGHTS LUCE JUNE EURO-AMERICAN WOMEN' COUNCIL GLOBAL FORUM AWARDS ATHENS JULY HUFFINGTON POST HTTP HUFFINGTONPOST JIM-LUCE EURO-AMERICAN-WOMEN-S-COU HTML RETRIEVED DIONYSIA-THEODORA AVGERINOPOULOU MEMBER HELLENIC PARLIAMENT ALSO EXECUTIVE GLOBAL BOARD EAWC ORPHANS INTERNATIONAL WORLDWIDE OIWW AWARDED GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AWARD LEADERSHIP HELPING HUMANITY YORK FEBRUARY LAGOS LAGOS FALK LAGOS FALK FALK FALK FALK FALK LAGOS JOEL STRATTE-MCCLURE OCTOBER FRENCH EXCEPTION SCIENCE PARK RULE TIME EUROPE MAGAZINE HTTP TIME TIME EUROPE MAGAZINE OYOT HTML RETRIEVED COMPANIES LOCATED SPRAWLING DEVELOPMENT WHICH GETS NAME FROM GREEK WORDS WISDOM NEARBY TOWN ANTIBES JUST -MINUTE DRIVE FROM NICE-CôTE D'AZUR AIRPORT MEDITERRANEAN NICE-BASED TAXI DRIVERS OFTEN HAVE TROUBLE SOMETIMES LEGITIMATELY SOMETIMES INTENTIONALLY LOCATING BOTH START-UPS MULTINATIONALS FAIR TECHNOPOLE'S CONFUSING LAYOUT PRESENT CHALLENGE MAZE ROADS MANY WITH SLIGHTLY PRETENTIOUS NAMES LIKE DOSTOEVSKI ALBERT EINSTEIN CRISSCROSS HECTARES ROLLING PINE-COVERED HILLS JOEL STRATTE-MCCLURE OCTOBER FRENCH EXCEPTION SCIENCE PARK RULE TIME EUROPE MAGAZINE HTTP TIME TIME EUROPE MAGAZINE OYOT HTML RETRIEVED ONCE SOPHIA IT'S EASY TAKE BREAK FROM MIND-NUMBING HIGH-TECH CONFERENCES MEETINGS POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS ENVIRONS BOAST SCORES WELL-MAINTAINED HIKING TRAILS JOGGING PATHS WELL RIDING STABLES GOLF COURSES STROLL WELL-MARKED PATH ALONG BRAGUE STREAM THAT RUNS BETWEEN VALBONNE BIOT VILLAGES PARK'S PERIPHERY MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES HAVE FRENCH-LANGUAGE SIGNS IDENTIFYING LOCAL FLORA FAUNA WALK FEATURES ZEN-LIKE REFLECTION POOLS ARTZ YAHYA KAMALIPOUR EDITORS GLOBALIZATION CORPORATE MEDIA HEGEMONY STATE UNIVERSITY YORK PRESS HTTP BOOKS GOOGLE BOOKS NTCZVS MOSCO TECHNOPOLES SOURCE MRNEEHIHOS QGTRJNLEPGCYQWAOUPK PKJZZBE PZWZTMVCMMT AAPU N-AQ BOOK RESULT RESULT RESNUM CBCQ AEWAQ ONEPAGE MOSCO TECHNOPOLES FALSE RETRIEVED ALAN CAIRNS JOHN COURTNEY PETER MACKINNON HANS MICHELMANN DAVID SMITH CITIZENSHIP DIVERSITY PLURALISM CANADIAN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES MCGILL-QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY PRESS HTTP BOOKS GOOGLE BOOKS HIKZ OJXGSGC LEARY CITIZENSHIP HUMAN RIGHTS DIVERSITY SOURCE DMVJFPE EGFTIKCIDJZAX XCKTUXGYWYUY PKQZTK DEYH- BOOK RESULT RESULT RESNUM CBWQ AEWAQ ONEPAGE LEARY CITIZENSHIP HUMAN RIGHTS DIVERSITY FALSE RETRIEVED CHAPTER PAGE CITIZENSHIP HUMAN RIGHTS DIVERSITY VIRGINIA LEARY SINCE TIME GREEK ROMAN CIVILIZATIONS CONCEPT CITIZENSHIP DEFINED RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS WESTERN WORLD CONCEPT CITIZENSHIP LONG ACQUIRED CONNOTATION BUNDLE RIGHTS PRIMARILY POLITICAL PARTICIPATION LIFE COMMUNITY RIGHT VOTE RIGHT RECEIVE CERTAIN PROTECTION FROM COMMUNITY WELL OBLIGATIONS PAREKH PAREKH MARCH ARIS JUNE BIBLIOGRAPHY THIS ARTICLE INCLUDES LIST REFERENCES RELATED READING EXTERNAL LINKS SOURCES REMAIN UNCLEAR BECAUSE LACKS INLINE CITATIONS PLEASE IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE INTRODUCING MORE PRECISE CITATIONS WHERE APPROPRIATE APRIL ARIS JENNY JUNE CONNECTED EACH OTHER YMCA WORLD HTTP YMCA HTML RETRIEVED DEAD LINK BABCOCK RAINER TRANSNATIONAL CITIZENSHIP ALDERSHOT ENGLAND EDWARD ELGAR BOLI JOHN “RIGHTS RULES CONSTITUTING WORLD CITIZENS” PUBLIC RIGHTS PUBLIC RULES CONSTITUTING CITIZENS WORLD POLITY NATIONAL POLICY EDITED CONNIE MCNEELY GARLAND YORK BYERS MICHAEL MEANINGS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP SPEAKER SERIES HTTP INTERNATIONALIZATION GCSS MEANINGS RETRIEVED MARCH MEANINGS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP MICHAEL BYERS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP SPEAKER SERIES UNIVERSITY BRITISH COLUMBIA HTTP INTERNATIONALIZATION GCSS MEANINGS RETRIEVED HABERMAS JüRGEN CITIZENSHIP NATIONAL IDENTITY CONDITION CITIZENSHIP EDITED BART STEENBERGEN SAGE PUBLICATIONS LONDON HEATER DEREK WHAT CITIZENSHIP POLITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE ENGLAND FALK RICHARD MAKING GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP BART STEENBERGEN CONDITION CITIZENSHIP LONDON SAGE PUBLICATIONS KECK MARGARET SIKKINK KATHRYN ACTIVISTS BEYOND BORDERS CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESS ITHACA YORK LAGOS TASO GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP TOWARDS DEFINITION HTTP DEPTS WASHINGTON GLOBALCITIZENSHIP RETRIEVED LEARY VIRGINIA “CITIZENSHIP HUMAN RIGHTS DIVERSITY CITIZENSHIP DIVERSITY PLURALISM EDITED ALAN CAIRNS JOHN COURTNEY PETER MACKINNON HANS MICHELMANN DAVID SMITH MCGILL-QUEENS’ UNIVERSITY PRESS MONTREAL MCNEELY CONNIE “CONSTITUTING CITIZENS RIGHTS RULES” PUBLIC RIGHTS PUBLIC RULES CONSTITUTING CITIZENS WORLD POLITY NATIONAL POLICY EDITED CONNIE MCNEELY GARLAND YORK MOSCO VINCENT “CITIZENSHIP TECHNOPOLES FROM COMMUNICATION CITIZENSHIP SOCIAL POLICY ROWMAN LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS LANHAM ENGLAND PAREKH COSMOPOLITANISM GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP REVIEW INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FURTHER READING THIS ARTICLE INCLUDES LIST REFERENCES RELATED READING EXTERNAL LINKS SOURCES REMAIN UNCLEAR BECAUSE LACKS INLINE CITATIONS PLEASE IMPROVE THIS ARTICLE INTRODUCING MORE PRECISE CITATIONS WHERE APPROPRIATE APRIL BAUMAN ZYGMUNT INTIMATIONS POSTMODERNITY ROUTLEDGE LONDON BELLAMY RICHARD “CITIZENSHIP BEYOND NATION STATE CASE EUROPE FROM POLITICAL THEORY TRANSITION EDITED NOëL O’SULLIVAN ROUTLEDGE LONDON BENNETT LANCE NEWS POLITICS ILLUSION LONGMAN YORK BENNETT LANCE “CONSUMERISM GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP LIFESTYLE POLITICS PERMANENT CAMPAIGNS INTERNATIONAL REGIMES DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY UNPUBLISHED PAPER PRESENTED INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR POLITICAL CONSUMERISM STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY BEST STEVEN KELLNER DOUGLAS POSTMODERN TURN GUILFORD PRESS YORK CLARKE PAUL BERRY DEEP CITIZENSHIP PLUTO PRESS LONDON ERIKSEN ERIK WEIGåRD JARLE “THE CITIZENSHIP ROLES CHALLENGING POLITICAL ORDER” DEMANDS CITIZENSHIPI EDITED CATRIONA MCKINNON IAIN HAMPSHER-MONK CONTINUUM LONDON FRANCK THOMAS EMPOWERED SELF SOCIETY INDIVIDUALISM OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD HENDERSON HAZEL “TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP AMERICAN BEHAVIORAL SCIENTIST IYER PICO GLOBAL SOUL ALFRED KNOPF YORK JACOBSON DAVID RIGHTS ACROSS BORDERS IMMIGRATION DECLINE CITIZENSHIP JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS BALTIMORE RICO SERVAES “GLOBALIZATION CONSUMPTION IDENTITY TOWARDS RESEARCHING NODAL POINTS COMMUNICATIONS LANDSCAPE EDITED GEORGETTE WANG SERVAES ANURA GOONASEKERA ROUTLEDGE LONDON KASPERSEN LARS “STATE CITIZENSHIP UNDER TRANSFORMATION WESTERN EUROPE” PUBLIC RIGHTS PUBLIC RULES CONSTITUTING CITIZENS WORLD POLITY NATIONAL POLICY EDITED CONNIE MCNEELY GARLAND YORK KENNEDY JOHN PROFILES COURAGE HARPER BROTHERS YORK PRESTON POLITICAL CULTURAL IDENTITY CITIZENS NATIONS GLOBAL SAGE LONDON SCAMMELL MARGARETT “INTERNET CIVIC ENGAGEMENT CITIZEN-CONSUMER” FOUND HTTP JSIS ARTSCI WASHINGTON PROGRAMS CWESUW SCAMMELL STEENBERGEN BART CONDITION CITIZENSHIP CONDITION CITIZENSHIP EDITED BART STEENBERGEN SAGE PUBLICATIONS LONDON TURNER BRYAN POSTMODERN CULTURE MODERN CITIZENS CONDITION CITIZENSHIP EDITED BART STEENBERGEN SAGE PUBLICATIONS LONDON WEALE ALBERT “CITIZENSHIP BEYOND BORDERS” FRONTIERS CITIZENSHIP EDITED URSULA VOGEL MICHAEL MORAN MARTIN’S PRESS YORK EXTERNAL LINKSUBC DEFINING MODELING WORLD CITIZEN CURRENT GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP PROJECT INTERNATIONALIZATION ATTAINING GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ROBERT HANVEY PATRIOTISM COSMOPOLITANISM MARTHA NUSSBAUM SPIRIT GLOBAL BELONGING PERSPECTIVES FROM SOME HUMANITY-ORIENTED ICONS MOHAMMAD OMAR FAROOQ CHRISTIAN AID'S RESOURCE GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION OXFAM'S RESOURCE GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION COSMOPOLITAN IDEAL CYBERCENTRISM CRITICAL EXAMINATION UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS ELECTRONIC GLOBAL VILLAGE CHARLES GLOBAL IDENTITY PIKE SELBY GLOBAL CLASSROOM TORONTO PIPPIN PUBLISHING PIKE SELBY GLOBAL TEACHER GLOBAL LEARNER LONDON HODDER STOUGHTON SHOW EWORLD GOVERNMENT HISTORY HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE LEAGUE NATIONS PERMANENT COURT INTERNATIONAL JUSTICE NUREMBERG TRIALS TOKYO TRIALS PERMANENT COURT ARBITRATION GREATER EAST ASIA CO-PROSPERITY SPHERE CONCEPT PROPOSAL UNITED NATIONS PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY CENTRAL ASIAN UNION COMMONWEALTH UNION PACIFIC UNION NORTH AMERICAN UNION EAST AFRICAN FEDERATION ARAB UNION FEDERAL EUROPE EAST ASIAN COMMUNITY UNITED STATES AFRICA UNITED STATES EUROPE THEORY PRACTICE ALTER-GLOBALIZATION COMMONWEALTH CONFEDERATION COSMOPOLITANISM FEDERALISM GLOBAL GOVERNANCE GLOBALIZATION INTERGOVERNMENTALISM MUNDIALIZATION SUPRANATIONALISM PLANETARY MANAGEMENT WORLD ORDER CONSPIRACY THEORY GLOBAL BODY UNITED NATIONS INTERPOL INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND WORLD BANK GROUP WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION COMMONWEALTH NATIONS INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY REGIONAL BODY ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM ECONOMIC COOPERATION ORGANIZATION EUROPEAN UNION LATIN UNION COUNCIL EUROPE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY ARAB LEAGUE AFRICAN UNION UNION SOUTH AMERICAN NATIONS SHANGHAI COOPERATION ORGANISATION ASSOCIATION SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS ASSOCIATION CARIBBEAN STATES CENTRAL AMERICAN INTEGRATION SYSTEM COMMONWEALTH INDEPENDENT STATES MELANESIAN SPEARHEAD GROUP ORGANIZATION AMERICAN STATES SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION REGIONAL COOPERATION PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION MERCOSUR INTERNATIONAL PARLIAMENT EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT ARAB PARLIAMENT PAN-AFRICAN PARLIAMENT LATIN AMERICAN PARLIAMENT SOUTH AMERICAN PARLIAMENT MERCOSUR PARLIAMENT INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION INTERNATIONAL COURT INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT INTERNATIONAL COURT JUSTICE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FORMER YUGOSLAVIA INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL RWANDA AFRICAN COURT JUSTICE CARIBBEAN COURT JUSTICE INTER-AMERICAN COURT HUMAN RIGHTS EUROPEAN COURT JUSTICE EUROPEAN COURT HUMAN RIGHTS TREATY INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC PRIVATE SUPRANATIONAL INTERNATIONAL LEGAL THEORY UNITED NATIONS CHARTER UNIVERSAL DECLARATION HUMAN RIGHTS GENEVA CONVENTIONS ROME STATUTE KYOTO PROTOCOL EUROPEAN UNION TREATIES EUROPEAN UNION TREATY CHAGUARAMAS INTERNATIONAL IDENTITIES WORLD PASSPORT WORLD CITIZEN GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP COMMONWEALTH CITIZEN CITIZENSHIP EUROPEAN UNION POLITICAL PARTICIPATION POLITICAL INTERNATIONAL TRANSNATIONAL POLITICAL PARTY EUROPEAN POLITICAL PARTY MOVEMENTS FEDERAL UNION WORLD FEDERALIST MOVEMENT CATEGORY PORTAL RETRIEVED FROM HTTP WIKIPEDIA WIKI GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP CATEGORIES GLOBALIZATION GLOBALISM HIDDEN CATEGORIES ARTICLES WITH UNSOURCED STATEMENTS ARTICLES WITH UNSOURCED STATEMENTS FROM FEBRUARY ARTICLES LACKING IN-TEXT CITATIONS FROM APRIL ARTICLES LACKING IN-TEXT CITATIONS ARTICLES WITH DEAD EXTERNAL LINKS ARTICLES WITH DEAD EXTERNAL LINKS FROM OCTOBER PERSONAL TOOLS CREATE ACCOUNTNAMESPACES ARTICLEDISCUSSIONVARIANTSVIEWS READVIEW SOURCEVIEW HISTORYACTIONS SEARCH NAVIGATION MAIN PAGECONTENTSFEATURED CONTENTCURRENT EVENTSRANDOM ARTICLEDONATE WIKIPEDIAINTERACTIONHELPABOUT WIKIPEDIACOMMUNITY PORTALRECENT CHANGESCONTACT WIKIPEDIATOOLBOXWHAT LINKS HERERELATED CHANGESUPLOAD FILESPECIAL PAGESPERMANENT LINKCITE THIS PAGE PRINT EXPORTCREATE BOOKDOWNLOAD PDFPRINTABLE VERSION LANGUAGES THIS PAGE LAST MODIFIED FEBRUARY GLOBAL CITYFROM WIKIPEDIA FREE ENCYCLOPEDIAJUMP NAVIGATION SEARCH WORLD CITY REDIRECTS HERE OTHER USES WORLD CITY DISAMBIGUATION GLOBAL CITY ALSO CALLED WORLD CITY SOMETIMES ALPHA CITY WORLD CENTER CITY DEEMED IMPORTANT NODE POINT GLOBAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM CONCEPT COMES FROM GEOGRAPHY URBAN STUDIES RESTS IDEA THAT GLOBALIZATION UNDERSTOOD LARGELY CREATED FACILITATED ENACTED STRATEGIC GEOGRAPHIC LOCALES ACCORDING HIERARCHY IMPORTANCE OPERATION GLOBAL SYSTEM FINANCE TRADE MOST COMPLEX THESE ENTITIES GLOBAL CITY WHEREBY LINKAGES BINDING CITY HAVE DIRECT TANGIBLE EFFECT GLOBAL AFFAIRS THROUGH SOCIO-ECONOMIC MEANS TERMINOLOGY GLOBAL CITY OPPOSED MEGACITY POPULARIZED COINED INVENTED SOCIOLOGIST SASKIA SASSEN REFERENCE WORK GLOBAL CITY YORK LONDON TOKYO THOUGH TERM WORLD CITY DESCRIBE CITIES WHICH CONTROL DISPROPORTIONATE AMOUNT GLOBAL BUSINESS DATES LEAST DESCRIPTION LIVERPOOL ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS PATRICK GEDDES ALSO USED TERM WORLD CITY LATER CITIES FALL FROM SUCH CATEGORIZATION CASE CITIES THAT HAVE BECOME LESS COSMOPOLITAN LESS INTERNATIONALLY RENOWNED CURRENT KALININGRAD RUSSIA THESSALONIKI GREECE ALEXANDRIA EGYPT CONTENTS HIDE CRITERIA ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS INFRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS STUDIES GAWC STUDIES GLOBAL CITIES INDEX GLOBAL POWER CITY INDEX WORLD CITY SURVEY CITIES RANKED CATEGORY ALSO REFERENCES EXTERNAL LINKS CRITERIAGLOBAL CITY WORLD CITY STATUS SEEN BENEFICIAL BECAUSE THIS MANY GROUPS HAVE TRIED CLASSIFY RANK WHICH CITIES SEEN 'WORLD CITIES' 'NON-WORLD CITIES' ALTHOUGH THERE CONSENSUS UPON LEADING WORLD CITIES CRITERIA UPON WHICH CLASSIFICATION MADE AFFECT WHICH OTHER CITIES INCLUDED CRITERIA IDENTIFICATION TEND EITHER BASED YARDSTICK VALUE PRODUCER-SERVICE SECTOR LARGEST SECTOR THEN CITY WORLD CITY IMMINENT DETERMINATION PRODUCER-SERVICE SECTOR CITY GREATER THAN PRODUCER-SERVICE SECTOR OTHER CITIES THEN CITY WORLD CITY ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS YORK STOCK EXCHANGECORPORATE HEADQUARTERS MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS FIRMS CONGLOMERATES STOCK EXCHANGES THAT HAVE INFLUENCE OVER WORLD ECONOMY SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL CAPACITY OUTPUT CITY REGIONAL STOCK MARKET INDICES MARKET CAPITALISATION FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVISION BANKS ACCOUNTANCY COSTS LIVING PERSONAL WEALTH NUMBER BILLIONAIRES POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS PALACE WESTMINSTERACTIVE INFLUENCE PARTICIPATION INTERNATIONAL EVENTS WORLD AFFAIRS EXAMPLE WASHINGTON LONDON PARIS TOKYO BERLIN ROME MOSCOW BEIJING MAJOR CAPITALS INFLUENTIAL NATIONS UNIONS HOSTING HEADQUARTERS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WORLD BANK NATO HEADQUARTERS LARGE PROPER POPULATION MUNICIPALITY CENTRE METROPOLITAN AREA TYPICALLY SEVERAL MILLION AGGLOMERATION DIVERSE DEMOGRAPHIC CONSTITUENCIES BASED VARIOUS INDICATORS POPULATION HABITAT MOBILITY URBANISATION QUALITY LIFE STANDARDS CITY DEVELOPMENT EXPATRIATE COMMUNITIES CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS LOUVRE PARISINTERNATIONAL FIRST-NAME FAMILIARITY EXAMPLE YORK CITY COMMONLY REFERRED JUST YORK WITHOUT NEEDING SPECIFY THAT STATE YORK EVEN UNITED STATES RENOWNED CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS OFTEN WITH HIGH ENDOWMENTS SUCH NOTABLE MUSEUMS GALLERIES NOTABLE OPERA ORCHESTRAS NOTABLE FILM CENTRES THEATRE CENTRES LIVELY CULTURAL SCENE INCLUDING FILM FESTIVALS SUCH TORONTO INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL PREMIERES THRIVING MUSIC SCENE NIGHTLIFE OPERA COMPANY GALLERIES STREET PERFORMERS ANNUAL PARADES SEVERAL INFLUENTIAL MEDIA OUTLETS WITH INTERNATIONAL REACH SUCH REUTERS YORK TIMES AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE STRONG SPORTING COMMUNITY INCLUDING MAJOR SPORTS FACILITIES HOME TEAMS MAJOR LEAGUE SPORTS ABILITY HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE HOST INTERNATIONAL SPORTING EVENTS SUCH OLYMPIC GAMES FIFA WORLD GRAND SLAM TENNIS EVENTS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS UNIVERSITIES INTERNATIONAL STUDENT ATTENDANCE RESEARCH FACILITIES SITES PILGRIMAGE WORLD RELIGIONS EXAMPLE MECCA JERUSALEM ROME CITIES CONTAINING WORLD HERITAGE SITES HISTORICAL CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE TOURISM THROUGHPUT CITY SITE SUBJECT ARTS MEDIA TELEVISION FILM VIDEO GAMES MUSIC LITERATURE MAGAZINES ARTICLES DOCUMENTARY CITY OFTEN REPEATED HISTORIC REFERENCE SHOWCASE SYMBOLIC ACTIONS INFRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS SHINKANSENAN ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES SEVERAL HIGHWAYS LARGE MASS TRANSIT NETWORK OFFERING MULTIPLE MODES TRANSPORTATION RAPID TRANSIT LIGHT RAIL REGIONAL RAIL FERRY EXAMPLE LONDON UNDERGROUND EXTENSIVE POPULAR MASS TRANSIT SYSTEMS PROMINENT RAIL USAGE ROAD VEHICLE USAGE MAJOR SEAPORTS MAJOR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT THAT SERVES ESTABLISHED SEVERAL INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES EXAMPLE LONDON AIRPORTS WITH SIGNIFICANT PASSENGER TRAFFIC INTERNATIONAL PASSENGERS TRAFFIC CARGO MOVEMENTS ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE WHICH MODERN TRANS-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS RELY SUCH FIBEROPTICS WI-FI NETWORKS CELLULAR PHONE SERVICES OTHER HIGH-SPEED LINES COMMUNICATIONS EXAMPLE SEOUL TOKYO KNOWN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY CAPITALS WORLD HEALTH FACILITIES HOSPITALS MEDICAL LABORATORIES PROMINENT SKYLINES SKYSCRAPERS EXAMPLE SHANGHAI HONG KONG CITIES' TELEPHONE MAIL SERVICES AIRPORT FLIGHTS-RANGE TRAFFIC CONGESTION AVAILABILITY WATER TRAIN FACILITIES NEARBY PARKS HOSPITALS LIBRARIES POLICE STATIONS STUDIESGAWC STUDIESTHE FIRST ATTEMPT DEFINE CATEGORIZE RANK GLOBAL CITIES USING 'RELATIONAL DATA' MADE BEAVERSTOCK RICHARD SMITH PETER TAYLOR WORKED THAT TIME LOUGHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY UNITED KINGDOM TOGETHER THEY ESTABLISHED GLOBALIZATION WORLD CITIES RESEARCH NETWORK ROSTER WORLD CITIES OUTLINED GAWC RESEARCH BULLETIN RANKED CITIES BASED THEIR CONNECTIVITY THROUGH FOUR ADVANCED PRODUCER SERVICES ACCOUNTANCY ADVERTISING BANKING FINANCE GAWC INVENTORY IDENTIFIES THREE LEVELS GLOBAL CITIES SEVERAL SUB-RANKS THIS ROSTER GENERALLY DENOTES CITIES WHICH THERE OFFICES CERTAIN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS PROVIDING FINANCIAL CONSULTING SERVICES RATHER THAN DENOTING OTHER CULTURAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC CENTRES RANKINGS ACKNOWLEDGED SEVERAL INDICATORS WHILE CONTINUING RANK CITY ECONOMICS MORE HEAVILY THAN POLITICAL CULTURAL FACTORS ROSTER SIMILAR VERSION SORTED INTO CATEGORIES ALPHA WORLD CITIES WITH FOUR SUB-CATEGORIES BETA WORLD CITIES THREE SUB-CATEGORIES GAMMA WORLD CITIES THREE SUB-CATEGORIES ADDITIONAL CITIES WITH HIGH SUFFICIENCY SUFFICIENCY WORLD CITY PRESENCE ROSTER LEADING ALPHA BETA GAMMA WORLD CITIES REPRODUCED BELOW SOURCE COMPLETE ROSTER ALPHA WORLD CITIES YORK LONDON ALPHA WORLD CITIES HONG KONG PARIS SINGAPORE TOKYO SYDNEY MILAN SHANGHAI BEIJING ALPHA WORLD CITIES MADRID MOSCOW SEOUL TORONTO BRUSSELS BUENOS AIRES MUMBAI KUALA LUMPUR CHICAGO ALPHA WORLD CITIES WARSAW PAULO ZURICH AMSTERDAM MEXICO CITY JAKARTA DUBLIN BANGKOK TAIPEI ISTANBUL ROME LISBON FRANKFURT MAIN STOCKHOLM PRAGUE VIENNA BUDAPEST ATHENS CARACAS AUCKLAND SANTIAGO ANGELES BETA WORLD CITIES WASHINGTON MELBOURNE JOHANNESBURG AVIV BARCELONA FRANCISCO ATLANTA MANILA BOGOTá DELHI DUBAI BUCHAREST BETA WORLD CITIES OSLO BERLIN HELSINKI GENEVA COPENHAGEN RIYADH HAMBURG CAIRO LUXEMBOURG BANGALORE DALLAS KUWAIT CITY BOSTON BETA WORLD CITIES MUNICH JEDDAH MIAMI LIMA KIEV HOUSTON GUANGZHOU BEIRUT KARACHI DüSSELDORF SOFIA MONTEVIDEO NICOSIA JANEIRO MINH CITY GAMMA WORLD CITIES MONTREAL NAIROBI BRATISLAVA PANAMA CITY CHENNAI BRISBANE CASABLANCA DENVER QUITO STUTTGART VANCOUVER ZAGREB MANAMA GUATEMALA CITY CAPE TOWN JOSé MINNEAPOLIS SANTO DOMINGO SEATTLE GAMMA WORLD CITIES LJUBLJANA SHENZHEN PERTH KOLKATA GUADALAJARA ANTWERP PHILADELPHIA ROTTERDAM AMMAN PORTLAND LAGOS GAMMA WORLD CITIES DETROIT MANCHESTER WELLINGTON RIGA GUAYAQUIL EDINBURGH PORTO SALVADOR PETERSBURG TALLINN PORT LOUIS DIEGO IS
Thanks to „HTMONG for these words.
What next?
- Another batch of random words from this seed set.
- View the list of word lists.